Early Boston Neurology James Jackson Putnam MD 1846

Early Boston Neurology James Jackson Putnam, MD (1846 -1918) • • B Boston; Harvard Med School - 1886 MGH home office Europe: Vienna (Rokitansky, Meynert) London (Jackson) Physician to Outpatients & Electrician & Lecturer at MGH - 1872 Professor of Nervous Disease - 1893 Did electrical stimulation of cortex in dogs with William James Other contributions: – Poliomyelitis – Arsenic & lead neuropathies – Myelopathy in pts with anemia/poor nutrition Founding member ANA & Boston Society of Psychology & Neurology – • Also interested in Neurasthenia , psychology, and psychoanalysis Convinced Freud to visit Clark University - 1909

Putnam Family Tree

Early Boston Neurology • Samuel G. Webber, MD (1838 -1926) – – – “Electrician” Boston City Hospital (1877) In charge of inpatient and outpatient neurology Book: Disease of the Peripheral Cerebrospinal Nerves (1881) Professor of Neurology at Tufts (1893) Professor of Clinical Neurology at HMS (1884) • Robert Thaxter Edes, MD (1838 -1923) Robert Thaxter Edes – – HMS (1861) Civil War Assistant Surgeon General for US Navy Professor at HMS (1875 -1886) Visiting Professor of Nervous Disease at Boston City Hosp • Philip Combs Knapp, MD (1858 -1920) – HMS (1883) – Physician of Dis Nerv System – Boston City Hosp (1886 -1920) – Book: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-Cranial Growths (1891)

Early Boston Neurology • James Bourne Ayers, MD (1882 -1903) – HMS (1907), then MGH – WWI developed method of puncture cisterna magna • 1 st in animals, then humans (1917) – At MGH, CSF lab compared measurements of lumber & CM • Measured protein content in CSF • Pressure measurements to define lateral sinus thrombosis – James Jackson Putnam Prof Neurology (1926) Stanley Cobb • Stanley Cobb, MD (1887 -1965) – HMS (1914) – Surgery Intern at PBBH with Cushing, then Physiology at John Hopkins – After WWI – became Instructor at HMS, then Assistant Prof of Neuropathology - studied in England – Bullard Professor of Neuropathology HMS – Chief of Neurology Service, Boston City Hosp (1930) • Worked with Lennox, Putnam, Merritt, Fremont-Smith, and Gibbs – Book; A Preface to Nervous Disease 1936 • Dedicated to Lennox

Early Boston Neurology • William Gordon Lennox, MD (1888 -1960) – HMS (1913) – Studied Rockefeller Med School & Hosp – HMS, began investigation on epilepsy (1922) • Worked with Cobb, Wolfe on cerebral blood flow – New EEG techniques with Gibbs and Davis (1934) – Book: Epilepsy & Related Disorders with his daughter (1960) • Henry R. Viets, MD (1890 -1969) HMS Oxford with Osler/ Sherrington At HMS/MGH established myasthenia gravis clinic Visited London (1935) Neostigmine, 1 st used in USA Schwab in obituary: Viets gave Schwab a vial of neostigmine and said, “Find a myasthenia patient for tomorrow's conference and we will inject this in her muscles” – Chairman of Medical Advisory Board MGF when formed (1962) – – – Henry R. Viets

Early Boston Neurology Derek Ernest Denny Brown (1901 -1981) • • • B New Zealand, med school Otago U Fellow under Sherrington 1925 -28 Neuro registrar Queen Square & Guys Hosp 1928 -33 Yale with John Fulton, monkey frontal lab research 1939 Chief Neuro SVC Boston City Hosp WW 2 SVC- Military hosp for head injuries in UK 1946 -1967 James Jackson Putnam Prof Neurology HMS Researcher in neurophysiology , neuropathy, clinical Topics: disorder of posture & movement – • 1966 Nature of reflex activity spasticity Books: – Selected Writings of Charles Sherrington 1939 – The Frontal Lobes & Their Functions 1941 – The Basal Ganglia & Their Relations to Disorders of Movement 1962 – The Cerebral Control of Movement 1966 – Diseases of Muscles: A Study in Pathology 1962 with R. D. Adams & C. M. Pearson

Early Boston Neurology Raymond D Adams, MD (1911 -2008) • • • B Portland, Oregon U of Oregon Psychology / Duke MD (1936) Boston City Hosp (1930’s/40’s) Chief of Neurology MGH (1951 -1977) Bullard Prof of neuropathology at HMS Principles of Neurology with Maurice Victor – 1 st edition 1977; 10 th edition 2014 – Currently Sammuels & Ropper: Adam’s & Victor’s Principles of Neurology • Books: 4 th Edition – Polymyositis with John Walton (1958) – Disease of Muscles (1953) – Histology and Histopathology of the Nervous System, ed. Webb Haymaker & RD Adams (1982)

Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology “My” 1 st line Neurology Textbook as a Resident 2 nd ed. 1981 3 rd ed. 1985 4 th ed. 1989 5 th ed. 1993 1 st ed. 1977 6 th ed. 1997 7 th ed. 2001 8 th ed. 2005 9 th ed. 2009 10 th ed. 2014

Neurology Family Tree of R. D. Adams A. Roper S. Hauser (UCSF) (PBB/HMS) GBS Everything R. Brown (U Mass) ALS M. Samuels (PBB/HMS) Gen Neuro

Early Boston Neurology C Miller Fisher, MD (1913 -2012) • • • B Waterloo, Ontario; D Albany, NY B. A. Victoria University Toronto (1935) M. D. University of Toronto (1938) Residency Henry Ford Hosp in Detroit & Royal Victoria Hospital Montreal WWII: Doctor in the Canadian Navy On HMS Voltaire when sunk (1941) 3. 5 years in German prison camp The Royal Victoria Hospital & Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital Then MGH for his neuro career – founded the stroke service

Early Boston Neurology C Miller Fisher, MD (1913 -2012) Publications/ Importance • • Described TIA’s Strokes 2 nd & Afib Strokes 2 nd carotid stenosis & CEA Rx Described lacunar infarct & pure motor & pure sensory stroke An Unusual Variant of Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis (Syndrome of Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia and Areflexia). N Engl J Med. 1956; 255: 57 -65 The Miller Fisher Syndrome “Fisher Test”- describes the CSF tap test for NPH Canadian Medical Hall of Fame (1998)

Charles M. Poser, MD (1923 -2010) • • B Antwerp, Belgium Tried to escape Europe in WWII but got trapped at Dunkirk; helped do 1 st aid, age 17 1941 NYC - HS then City College NY Enlisted US Army - military intelligence – – • Finished CCNY degree; earned MD at Columbia Medical School – • • • Res of Neurology at NY Neuro Inst & Columbia under HH Merritt 1955 Fulbright Scholarship in Antwerp under Ludo van Bogaert (Neuropath) 196? Joined U. Kansas section Neuro 196? moved to UMKC 1969 Chair Dept. of Neurology, U. of Vermont 1982 HMS, Beth Israel, Harvard & Veterans Administration Hosptial Poser criteria for measuring & describing MS – • • Battle of Bulge (Bastogne) Present at liberation of the Mauthausen Concentration Camp Poser CM, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1983 Mar; 13(3): 22731 Topical neurology & malaria 1957 Involved in 1 st meeting of WFN in Brussels