Early American History Unit 1 The American Colonies

Early American History Unit 1 - The American Colonies: Discovery to 1763 The Nation’s Beginnings : Exploration and Discovery to the English Colonies

Christopher Columbus In your opinion, was Christopher Columbus a hero or a villain? Explain.

Spain and Portugal Lead the Way 1492 Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to permanent European settlement of the New World. He was searching for a western route to Asia. (Portugal was sailing East around Africa) Pedro Cabral lands in S. Am. & claims it for Portugal in 1500 Spanish Conquistadors – Defeated the Native Americans and colonized most of N. and S. America for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan (1519 – 1521)? They came for God, Gold, and Glory!

The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ Legacy is a Mixture of Pros and Cons. New Animals Introduced (Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, etc. ) New Foods Introduced in Europe (Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, etc. ) 3 D’s (Disease, Disorganization, and Disposability) Measles, Mumps, Typhus, & Smallpox, etc. , Lack of Unity, and European Maltreatment resulted in maybe the destruction of 90% of Native American population. African slavery introduced to provide labor in New World by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later the English would dominate the trade. Spain carves out a huge American empire. Other nations soon join the rush to explore.

Spanish Legacy in the U. S. Spanish Empire/ Claims Around 1650 • St. Augustine, FL (Spain, 1565) is the oldest city in U. S. • Cultural influence in the American Southwest • Cities such as Los Angeles, Santa Fe, Albuquerque, etc. were founded as Catholic Missions

Other Nations Rush to Explore John Cabot sailed for England in 1497 & claimed E. Canada and N. E. Jacques Cartier (1534 -35) and Samuel de Champlain (160335) claimed land for France in NE Canada. 1609 – Henry Hudson, looking again for a Northwest Passage, claimed New York for the Netherlands.

European Claims in the New World

New France didn’t desire permanent colonization. Their interest was economic driven – fur trade with Indians. They began in Canada (Montreal, Quebec) and fanned out into Midwest. Treated the Native Americans much better than the Spanish did – missionaries converted many to Christianity

French Legacy in the U. S. Explored and mapped much the Midwest/ Mississippi River Valley Cultural Influence in the Great Lakes/ Canadian Border Region – Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, - and Louisiana Major Cities – Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Green Bay were used as trading posts French Canada today – Quebec – bilingual

New Netherland Like France, the Dutch came in 1621 to establish a fur trade with the Indians New Amsterdam – present day New York City was their main settlement/ trading post They welcomed all new settlers; provided religious tolerance It was captured by the English in 1664 by King Charles II’s brother and

Dutch Legacy in the U. S. New York City – our nation’s largest city Cultural influence – bowling (9 pens) and place names like Harlem, Bronx, and (Breukelen)Brooklyn, and Bedford Stuyvesant Tulip Festivals Dutch folklore – Rip van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Exit Slip - Discovery of New World 1. What nation did Columbus sail for when he “discovered” America? a. Italy b. Portugal c. France d. Spain 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the “ 3 G’s” that drew Europeans to the New World? a. God b. Goods c. Glory d. Gold 3. Which 4 continents were impacted by the Columbian Exchange? a. N. America, S. America, Europe, Africa b. N. America, S. America, Europe, Asia 4. Which nation below did not make claims in the North and South America? a. Spain b. Portugal c. England d. France e. Holland

Europeans Explore the New World Name 1. Christopher Columbus Country Who did he work/ sail for? Spain 2. Date(s) 1492 Accomplishment 1 st voyage lands in Bahamas in Caribbean Sea. Impact Led to first permanent European colonies in New World.

Europeans Explore the New World Name Country Year(s) Accomplishment Impact 1. Christopher Columbus Spain 1492 1 st voyage to Americas; landed in Caribbean Opened New World to permanent European settlement 2. John Cabot England 1497 Explored coast of Newfoundland Claimed land in N. E. Canada for King Henry II of England 3. Vasco da Gama Portugal 1498 Sailed around S. Africa to India Gave Portugal a new trade route to Asia (Far East) 4. Hernando de Soto Spain 1539 Explored 350, 000 miles of N. America for Spain First European to explore Mississippi River 5. Ferdinand Magellan Spain 1519 -1522 Led expedition to sail west to Asia First successful voyage around the world; proved earth was round 6. Francisco Pizarro Spain 1531 Explored and conquered treasure of the Inca of Peru Brought much wealth and colonized Peru for Spain 7. Henry Hudson England Holland 1607 -1608 Explored Hudson Bay coast of Canada and Hudson River Claimed land for both England Holland in NE N. America 8. Jacques Cartier France 1535 Explored St. Lawrence River in Canada Claimed land for France in E. Canada and fur trade with Indians 9. Ponce de Leon Spain 1513 Helped Spain conquer Cuba and explored Florida’s E & W coasts Colonized Florida for Spain; 10. Vasco de Balboa Spain 1513 Crossed present-day Panama in Central America; Pacific Ocean Led to exploration of Pacific coast of Central and South America 11. Hernando Cortez Spain 1519 -1521 Conquered the Aztecs of central Mexico and too their gold Brought much wealth and colonized Mexico for Spain 12. Sir Francis Drake England 1572 -1588 Raided Spanish colonies of Florida and the Caribbean; saved 1 st Roanoke colonists Helped England defeat Spain in war and saved England from invasion

Bell Ringer – Age of Exploration 1. Where in the New World did Columbus land in 1492? 2. What were the “three D’s” that greatly reduced the Native American population of the New World? 3. If Columbus really didn’t “discover” America, why were his voyages to the New World so important? 4. What was the major economic activity in France’s and the Netherlands’ American colonies? 5. By 1600, which nation had the largest American Empire?

Jamestown, VA (1607) Newfoundland (1578) by Humphrey Gilbert and Roanoke, VA (1586 & 1587) – Sir Walter Raleigh via John White – failed to establish permanent English colonies in America. The crown started joint-stock companies (owned by stockholders who took the risk) b/c it lacked gold needed to pay for colonies. Captain John Smith was one of 104 settlers who emerged as the leader of colony of Jamestown, VA in May 1607. It was the first permanent English settlement. He was the colony’s first governor.

Jamestown’s Harsh Environment Insect-infested Swamp The Chesapeake Bay

400 th Anniversary of Jamestown May 13, 2007 was the colonies 400 th Anniversary. Current archeological dig at the original site Dutch pottery dating back to the late 1500’s

Then and Now A model of early Jamestown What is left today

Jamestown Prospers The first African slaves were brought To Jamestown in 1619 for this reason. Indentured servants (mostly men & a few women) also helped populate the colony. John Rolfe introduced West Indies tobacco & a way to cure it for the trip to England. Who did he marry? Tobacco (1612) was the number one export. After the “Starving Time” (Winter of 1610 -11) the colony experienced great growth. It was governed by a partnership between King James I’s appointed Royal Governor and the House of Burgesses (an elected legislature) because he thought the London Company was responsible for the Powhatan War of March 1622 that saw 300 colonists killed (1/3 pop. )

Who is this?

The Plymouth Colony Pilgrims – English Separatists who left Holland for Virginia with permission of the London Company. 1/3 of 101 passengers on the Mayflower were Pilgrims. They were led by Governor William Bradford. They landed in Massachusetts and the London Co had no authority over this region. 41 drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact – an agreement that they could practice selfgovernment.

The Pilgrims Face Hardships They arrived in November 1620 and ½ died the first winter. They were aided by Pawtucket Indians (Squanto? ) who showed them how to raise corn, beans, pumpkins, & squash as well as by Wampanoag and Chief Massasoit (Thanksgiving – Oct. 1621 – a 3 day feast). William Bradford’s colony inspired another group that was being persecuted in England – the Puritans. The original Pilgrims had separated from the Puritans in 1608. They wanted to “purify” the Church of England.

The Puritans Form a Selfgoverning Colony 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Co. obtained a charter from Crown to start a colony near Plymouth that would be a Bible Commonwealth. 1630 – 17 ships embark on the voyage to America & ultimately 20, 000 more follow during the decade. John Winthrop, a London lawyer, was elected governor in 1630. The Puritans came prepared with food, equipment, and live stock and focused on fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding, fur trading, and farming. Harvard University was est. 1636. The Puritans were not tolerant of people with different religious views. This led to war with Native Americans in

Bell Ringer – Plymouth & the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. The Pilgrims, who were the first to arrive in Massachusetts, were separatists who broke with the a. Catholic Church. b. Anglican Church. c. Lutheran Church. 2. 3. 4. In 1629, the _______, who would come to dominate life in New England, obtained a charter from the King and sailed for Massachusetts. a. Irish b. Huguenots c. Puritans What institution would come to dominate nearly every phase of colonial life in Massachusetts? a. the Puritan faith b. the legislature c. the slave trade All of the following were essential to Massachusetts Bay’s economy except a. ship building. b. cotton production. c. lumbering. d. fishing.

Major Influences on American Political Thought (See Page 10) The Roman Republic (509 – 27 BC) – Civic Virtue and the Common Good; it was representative. English Tradition – Magna Carta (1215), Parliament (1258), English Bill of Rights (1689), Common Law Political Philosophers – John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government (1690) - Natural Rights Philosophy, Separation of Powers, Social Contract Theory Judeo-Christian Roots – Ten Commandments & Jesus Colonial Heritage –Suffrage, Tradition, Checks and Balances, Natural Rights, Jury Trial

Exit Slip – The Colonies Overview What group of early colonists authored the Mayflower Compact? a. the Dutch b. the Pilgrims c. the Puritans 2. The Republican form of government was first used in ancient _______. a. Babylon b. Greece c. Rome 3. The major export of the Jamestown colony was a. Tobacco b. Wheat c. Cotton 4. In ______ colonies, both houses of the legislature were chosen by the people. a. royal b. self-governing c. all 1.

Fort Boonesboro, KY Founded by Daniel Boone and others in April 1775 One source of conflict was that colonists wanted to move west! Here are two rare photos of pioneer children at work in their cottage.

The Middle Passage By 1650 an estimated 300, 000 African slaves were in the Spanish Caribbean working gold and silver mines and plantations. The Portuguese in Brazil dominated the European sugar trade and more than 40% of 12 million slaves taken from Africa were sent to S. America. The English =largest exporters of slaves after 1690 (1. 7 million in just over 100 years) and only 400, 000 actually wound up in the U. S. The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the Atlantic trade triangle.

Exit Slip – Age of Exploration 1. 2. 3. 4. God = Gold = Glory = If Columbus really didn’t “discover” America, why were his voyages to the New World so important with regard to World History?