E Phil Son AS headquarters E Pihl Son

E. Phil & Son AS headquarters E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Architect: KHR A/S

Building Presentation (1. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

Building presentation (2. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring n n n n Conclusions More information. . . n Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94. The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the internal walls are in situ concrete. The floor area is about 2. 700 m 2 l 2. 000 m 2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms l 400 m 2 (15%) is circulation area l 200 m 2 is canteen and 100 m 2 is toilets and cloakrooms

Building presentation (3. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring 2 -storey foyer Canteen Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Office wing, northwest facade

Building presentation (4. . . ) typical floor plan E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Canteen Two-storey foyer with glazed facade Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Main entrance Corridors with skylights

Building presentation (5|) internal view E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring n n Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy. Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other permanent furnishings

Ventilation strategy & aims (1. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account: l not only thermally generated pressures, l but also the wind induced pressures. Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair. More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

Ventilation strategy (2. . . ) for summer comfort E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring n In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: l The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer l The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically. l The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed). l Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces. l During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted. n The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds. Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

Ventilation strategy (3. . . ) for summer comfort E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Vertical openings in the skylights and. . . …ventilation openings located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows in the offices are equipped with electronic actuators. The openings can be left open during night-time. The ordinary windows in the offices are manually controlled. The windows must be closed during night-time due to security reasons. Nat. Vent Roof fans are automatically activated at an internal temperature of 26 °C measured in the two-storey foyer

Ventilation strategy (4. . . ) for indoor air quality E. Pihl & Son AS Building n Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent The indoor air quality during the office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants: l Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows. l There is no automatic control related to the IAQ. Manually controlled openable windows

Ventilation technology (5. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Ventilation devices - OFFICES: specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: l located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows l motorised for manual and automatic control Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS: openable skylights: l motorised for both manual and automatic control two extract fans located on the roof l integrated with the skylights l intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: l the ventilation openings l the heating system l the artificial lighting l the solar shading Nat. Vent

Ventilation technology (6. . . ) open plan office E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring High positioned, motorised ventilation openings. . . Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent …located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows

Ventilation technology (7. . . ) single office E. Pihl & Son AS Building Motorised ventilation openings. . . Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” … and manually controlled openable windows Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed facades. Nat. Vent In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium blinds

Ventilation technology (8|) corridors E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Vertical skylight in the open position (~45 ) Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” One of two extract fans located on the roof Nat. Vent

Monitoring set-up E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Office 2 Office 3 Office 4 Office 5 Investigated offices: Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring l Office 1: 20 m 2 cellular office l Office 2: l Office 3: 14 m 2 each l Office 4: l Office 5: 16 m 2, 2 persons Nat. Vent Office 1

Summer monitoring (1. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during a three months period Tint. Text. The internal temperatures is often > 25°C and even > 28°C, while the external temperature is far much lower.

Summer monitoring (2. . . ) measurements in office 1 E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent = Intensive night ventilation ( up to 15 l/s. m²). Tint. Text. Air Supply

Summer monitoring (3. . . ) results of measurements in office 1 E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO 2 -concentrations are very low: max. 450 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of 1200 ppm) due to the quite high air supply (intensive ventilation). CO 2 -conc. During the weekend the internal CO 2 -concentration equals the outdoor CO 2 -conc: no occupation. Tint. Air Supply

Summer monitoring (4…) Questionnaires E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc. ) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc. ) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc. ). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0 -100. The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general. Nat. Vent

Summer monitoring (5. . . ) Questionnaires E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Averages of about 50 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours. Temperature Air movement Air quality Odour intensity Acceptability Light Noise Overall comfort Nat. Vent Due to internal noise

Summer monitoring (6. . . ) Findings E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring n Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Thermal comfort in summer: Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to: l Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds) l Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.

Summer monitoring (7|) Findings E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions n Thermal comfort in summer: … However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls. n Indoor Air Quality: The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO 2 - concentrations are low. More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

Winter monitoring (1. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during a two months period Tint. The internal temperature is comfortable (21°C-23°C). During the weekends the heating power is reduced. Text.

Winter monitoring (2. . . ) CO 2 concentration E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring CO 2 concentration outdoor and indoor. Indoor CO 2 is averaged from recordings taken simultaneously in office 3, 4 and 5. Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO 2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200 ppm. During the weekend the internal CO 2 -concentration equals the outdoor CO 2 -concentration Indoor CO 2 -conc. Outdoor CO 2 -conc.

Winter monitoring (3. . . ) results of measurements in office 5 E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent The IAQ during the office hours is acceptable: The indoor CO 2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200 ppm. Indoor CO 2 -conc. Limited air supply, to control the IAQ During the weekend the air supply could be more limited, to reduce the energy losses Air supply Outdoor CO 2 -conc.

Winter monitoring (4. . . ) Questionnaires E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc. ) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc. ) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc. ). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0 -100. The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general. Nat. Vent

Winter monitoring (5. . . ) Questionnaires E. Pihl & Son AS Building Averages of about 75 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours: Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Temperature Conclusions Acceptability More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Air movement Air quality Odour intensity Light Noise Overall comfort Nat. Vent

Winter monitoring (6|) Findings E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Conclusions n Winter indoor conditions are comfortable l During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about 800 -1000 ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2 -5 times per hour. l During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. n The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter. More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

Conclusions (1. . . ) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Findings from summer monitoring Thermal summer comfort: Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to: l Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds) l Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.

Conclusions (2|) E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Findings from winter monitoring n Winter indoor conditions are comfortable l During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about 800 -1000 ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour. l During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. n The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter. Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent

More information. . . E. Pihl & Son AS Building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Monitoring set -up Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents: Reports Monitoring Reports Summary Reportsdk 1 summ. pdf l global presentation of the buildings ( 4 p. /building) l contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions Reports Monitoring Reports Detailed Reportsdk 1 det. pdf l detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns ( 20 p. /campaign) l contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions Conclusions More information. . . Back to “Select a building” Nat. Vent You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ® 3. 0. Program. This program is free. Download it from the Acrobat web site: www. adobe. com OR run the installation file ar 32 e 301(1). exe in the directory Installation