e Highway Electrified heavy duty road transport Anders

e. Highway Electrified heavy duty road transport, Anders Bylund Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 siemens. com

Road freight emissions trends make it clear: Solutions for decarbonization are needed If current trends continue, surface freight will become largest source of global transport emissions by 2030. Mt CO 2 Transport will increasingly be the biggest challenge for decarbonization in Europe. Source: European Commission reference scenario for 2050 (2013) Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 2 July 2016 Source: ITF Transport Outlook - Scenarios to 2050 (2016) Akerman | MO TI EH

If current trends continue, road freight will become the largest source of transport emissions after 2030 Source: Transport & Environment – Briefing: Too big to ignore – truck CO 2 emissions in 2030 (2015) Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 3 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Measures to reduce road freight CO 2 emissions (Mt/a) 120 99 Mio. t 100 87 Mio. t 80 73 Mio. t 65 Mio. t 61 Mio. t 60 40 20 8 Mio. t With rail expansion Without action With logistic optimization With improved efficiency 8 20 50 6 20 4 4 20 4 2 20 4 0 20 4 8 20 3 6 20 3 4 20 3 2 20 3 0 20 3 8 20 2 6 4 20 2 2 0 20 2 8 20 1 6 20 1 4 20 1 0 0 With biodiesel-blending Target level -80% of 2005 Source: German Ministry of Environment (BMU), March 2013 Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 4 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Alternative concepts Investigated concepts comprise external power supply and on-board storage systems On-board storage Alternative fuel External power supply Electricity Contactless Conductive Battery Inductive power supply Ground-based contact line Capacitors Linear s. motor concepts Overhead contact line Fuel cell Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 5 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Improving road freight It has proved difficult to cut emissions significantly with popular solutions Natural gas Description Concerns Compressed natural gas (CNG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Dual-fuel engines Gas transmission & distribution • Best case: small net CO 2 reduction • Methane leakage risks eliminating all CO 2 benefits, or even increase GHG effect • Power-to-Gas efficiency • • Biofuels • Converting feedstock into fuels • Using internal combustion engines • Indirect Land-Use Change (ILUC) • Supply and capacity constraints Hydrogen • • Maturity of technology and weight of tanks Station Cap. Ex and Op. Ex Production Cost vs Saving of CO 2 Energy efficiency and distribution challenge • • • Weight & size Time to charge Cost Life-time Availability of raw materials Battery • Static, stationary or dynamically charged Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 6 Fuel Cell power plant Storage tanks on vehicle Fuelling station H 2 -Production July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Zero emission trucks are possible with renewable energy, but efficiency varies greatly Pathway Battery e- Grid e 96 k. Wh 10 ct/k. Wh 100 k. Wh 6. 0 ct/k. Wh Range | Cost per km Efficiency WTW 48 km | 20 ct/km 62% e. Truck (Battery) 2 k. Wh/km Example vehicle Source: German Ministry of Environment Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 7 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Zero emission trucks are possible with renewable energy, but efficiency varies greatly Pathway Power-to-Gas e 98 k. Wh 100 k. Wh 6. 0 ct/k. Wh 2 k. Wh Electrolysis ŋ = 70% H 2 Methanation ŋ CH 4 = 80% 69 k. Wh 15 ct/k. Wh 55 k. Wh 19 ct/k. Wh NGnetwork 1) Range | Cost per km Efficiency WTW 17 km | 70 ct/km 20% NG 55 k. Wh 20 ct/k. Wh CNG-fuel station CNG 55 k. Wh 22 ct/k. Wh Gas-truck 3. 2 k. Wh/km Example vehicle 1) Including storage Source: German Ministry of Environment Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 9 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Alternative concepts Investigated concepts comprise external power supply and on-board storage systems On-board storage Alternative fuel External power supply Electricity Contactless Conductive Battery Inductive power supply Ground-based contact line Capacitors Linear s. motor concepts Overhead contact line Fuel cell Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 10 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Zero emission trucks are possible with renewable energy, but efficiency varies greatly Pathway Electric Road Systems Grid (incl. e- catenary) e- 96 k. Wh 12 ct/k. Wh 100 k. Wh 6. 0 ct/k. Wh Range | Cost per km Efficiency WTW 60 km | 19 ct/km 77% e. Truck (Catenary-Hybrid) 1. 6 k. Wh/km Example vehicle Source: German Ministry of Environment Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 11 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Zero emission trucks are possible with renewable energy, but efficiency varies greatly Pathway Range Cost per km Efficiency WTW 60 km 19 ct/km 77% 48 km 20 ct/km 62% 24 km 55 ct/km 29% 17 km 70 ct/km 20% Example vehicle Electric Road Systems Grid e- e- (incl. catenary) 96 k. Wh 12 ct/k. Wh e. Truck (Catenary-Hybrid) 1, 6 k. Wh/km Battery e- e- Grid 96 k. Wh e. Truck (Battery) 2 k. Wh/km 10 ct/k. Wh Hydrogen 100 k. Wh 6. 0 ct/k. Wh e 93 k. Wh Electrolysis ŋ = 70% 2 k. Wh H 2 network 1) H 2 98 k. Wh CH 2 - fuel station C. H 2 65 k. Wh 15 ct/k. Wh 18 ct/k. Wh 20 ct/k. Wh Power-to-Gas e- 5 k. Wh Electrolysis ŋ = 70% H 2 Fuel cell truck 2. 7 k. Wh/km 2 k. Wh Methanation ŋ = 80% CH 4 NGnetwork 1) NG CNG-fuel CNG station 69 k. Wh 55 k. Wh 15 ct/k. Wh 19 ct/k. Wh 20 ct/k. Wh 22 ct/k. Wh Gastruck 3. 2 k. Wh/km 1) Including storage Source: German Ministry of Environment Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 12 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Infrastructure built on the heavily trafficked roads can address significant part of heavy duty emissions IO AO GS KS LS BS BAB Length of road network IO = Urban roads AO = Non-urban roads BAB = Federal freeways (12. 594 km) BS = Federal roads (40, 400 km) LS = State roads (86, 600 km) KS = District roads (91, 600 km) GS = Municipal roads (>420, 000 km) CO 2 emissions from HDV 60% of the HDV emissions occur on 2% of the road network (BAB = 12, 394 km) The most intensely used 3, 966 km handle 60% of all ton-km on the BAB Image: HDV density on BAB-network ; Source: Verkehr in Zahlen 2012; TREMOD 2012 Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 13 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

What an Electric Road System could look like Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 14 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

How it could work Film https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Z 8 l 9 ieo. Iazc Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 15 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

But is it realistic? Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 17 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

But is it realistic? See: http: //www. mobility. siemens. com/mobility/global/en/interurban-mobility/road-solutions/electric-powered-hgv-traffic-e. Highway/electric-mobility-incommercial-vehicles/Pages/electric-mobility-in-commercial-vehicles. aspx Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 18 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

e. Highway System and subsystems The complete system … and its subsystems Pantograph 4 1 Vehicle Drive System Energy Storage Control System 2 2 Power Supply 3 Substation Contact Line Passive Protection Drive Way 2 Pavement 1 4 3 Maintenance Operation ITS & Signalling Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 19 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

ENUBA system efficiency Remarks on efficiency System efficiency • average vehicle efficiency pantograph to wheel: 87 - 92% • average infrastructure efficiency substation and contact line: 87 - 92% • system efficiency substation in-feed to wheel: 80 - 85% Detailed measuring and simulation* results: Supply Recuperation Substation efficiency 95% 94% Contact line efficiency 95% 96% Pantograph efficiency 99% Traction engine efficiency 95% Traction inverter efficiency 98% * simulations performed with certified and validated simulation tools for railway electrification and drive systems Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 20 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

e. Highway improves truck performance and is readily implementable on a large scale No concessions on truck availability and performance • No decrease on axle weight rating and load capacity • Full electric operation up to maximum highway speed Operability in all traffic situations • Passing • Cutting in / out of lanes • Full electric idling Adaptable to all situations • Overhead line solutions for bridges, interchanges, tunnels and low clearances • No system change in established point-to-point connections Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 21 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

e. Highway is developing quickly and is ready for commercial use in near future Development project • Test track of 2. 1 km with realistic highway conditions • Cooperation with e. g. Scania and Volvo • Technical assessment of complete system by TU Dresden & BASt (the German Federal Highway Research Institute) • Analysis of the economic and ecological impacts by German federal ministries lead to approval of field trial plan by 2017 • Public reports found positive results for applications considered with German transport volumes and energy costs (SRU, UBA (Sept 2015) and Öko-Institute (forth-coming in 2016)) • Studies from outside of Germany (e. g. Sweden and California) confirm potential economic benefits • Project-specific analysis always necessary Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 22 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Where are we now? Sweden Operation started USA trucks ready Germany field trial planned • Innovation Procurement Process for demo projects by Trafikverket • Field trial (2 years) started June 22 • Overall aim: evaluate ERS-options prior to introduction on road network • Scania as truck OEM, second truck will join operation next year • e. Highway to reduce emissions of port links on 1 -mile infrastructure near ports in L. A. and Long Beach • Cooperation with Volvo Trucks and local truck converters • Contract with South Coast Air Quality Management District testing throughout 2017. • R&D Projects (ENUBA) incl. test track • Federal Ministries for Economy (BMWi) and Environment (BMUB) – decided on field trial of e. Highway ERS in call 10/2015 • Presently project ideas are being evaluated and will be decided on soon • Construction approx. 2017 // field project approx. 2017 -2019 Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 26 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

The path forward focuses on the electrification of highly frequented routes e. Highway application fields Near term Long term Shuttle transport Mine transport Long haul traffic The development path of road electrification can echo that of rail electrification a century ago Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 27 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH

Thank you for your attention Anders Bylund Siemens AB Mobility Upplands. Väsby Mobile: +46 (0)8 728 17 76 E-mail: anders. bylund@siemens. com www. siemens. com/mobility/ehighway Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016 Page 28 July 2016 Akerman | MO TI EH