e Commerce Technology 20 751 Lecture 3 Mobile

e. Commerce Technology 20 -751 Lecture 3: Mobile e. Business

Human Data Interactions • • • • Personal computer Internet PDA Telephone Cellphone Global Position System (GPS) Beeper Movies TV, cable Radio FAX Computer game Print media 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Current Status - Low Connectivity GPS PDA TELEPHONE PERSONAL COMPUTER FAX CELLPHONE COMPUTER GAMES INTERNET TELEVISION RADIO BEEPER MOVIES PRINT MEDIA 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

After Convergence EVERYTHING IN ONE (VIRTUAL) NETWORK MSDW GPS Trade. Runner. SM PDA TELEPHONE PERSONAL COMPUTER FAX CELLPHONE COMPUTER GAMES INTERNET TELEVISION RADIO BEEPER MOVIES PRINT MEDIA 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Networked Economy Means New Business Models Management Consumers Physical Facilities )) )) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )))))) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) )) )) Mobile )) ) )) Employees )) ) Virtual Corporation ) )) )) Virtual Workforce ) Virtual Call Center Network Employees 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY Virtual Shopping Partners, Suppliers SUMMER 2000 SOURCE: ANIXTER COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Networking Demands • Instantaneity, location-independence, mobility • “Anything-Anytime-Anywhere” – nomadic computing • Consolidation of data sources – Phone, PDA, fax, computer, TV, radio, beeper • Multimedia • But: – Internet is principally land-based (fiber) – Phone, cellular and Internet systems are distinct – Devices do not talk to each other – Bandwidth too low for multimedia 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Traditional Voice Networking PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) Quality of Service Levels of Service Pricing Model Architecture Guaranteed One Usage-Sensitive, Distance-Sensitive Voiceband, Dedicated Bandwidth SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Content of a Conversation Essential Components 22% Repetitive 22% Pauses 56% Over half of the typical voice call is silence! SOURCE: CISCO

Traditional IP Networking IP Network Quality of Service Levels of Service Pricing Model Architecture Best Effort One Usage & Distance Insensitive (Flat Rate) Broadband, Shared Bandwidth SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

The World of Convergence Routing Switch (()) Policy & Directory Services IP Based transport infrastructure Routing Switch SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Voice-Enabled Enterprise IP Network PSTN Soft Phones Gateway IP Phones LAN Switch USB Phones Routers LAN Switch Messaging Apps Connection Manager IP Computer-based Voice Apps Call Center Apps Other Apps SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Internet FAX PBX PSTN WAN Directory Server POP Internet POP F FAX Printing Software RD Directory Server Mail/FAX Billing Server F F LEC PSTN • Store and forward and FAX relay Redialer • Least cost routing SOURCE: CISCO

Evolution of the PBX - Run Everything On IP Voice Mail Server Video Mail Server E-Mail Server IP Phones PBX Server IP LAN Firewall Internet Policy / Directory Services SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Quality of Service (Qo. S) • Three kinds of packets – Data (delay tolerable) – Voice (delay < 200 ms tolerable) – Video (little delay) • Must meet packet delivery-time requirements • Must treat different packets differently

A Qo. S Problem - DELAY Usability of Voice Circuit as a Function of End-to-End Delay To hit the target: • Eliminate PC delay • Lower network latency • Tighten network jitter Usability factor Fax Relay, Fax Broadcast Toll Quality Satellite CB Radio I-Phone Today Time (msec) SOURCE: CISCO

Voice Quality vs. Cost Unacceptable Utility Business Cellular Voice PCM Cost Voice over ATM Voice over Frame Relay (Intranet) (Internet) Voice over IP Quality Toll

Quality of Service on 1 Slide • Routers cannot store state information about packets: too slow. – Technique: mark each packet with a simple flag indicating how to treat it.

Differentiated Forwarding • Each router sorts packets into queues via differentiated services (DS) flag • Queues get different treatment (e. g. priority, share of bandwidth, probability of discard) • Result is coarsely predictable class of service for each DS field value. • Cost of transmission varies by type of service.

Converged Networks: Value Proposition Value • • Value goes up with distance Value goes up with ubiquity across the Enterprise Value goes up with integrated functionality Value goes up with quality

Fundamental Mobility: Cellphones MACROCELL: $1 M GEOGRAPHIC CELL LAYOUT FAST-MOVING SUBSCRIBERS PICOCELLS MICROCELL: $250 K SLOW-MOVING SUBSCRIBERS 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Cell Handover Curvilinear triangle z has choice of 3 cells Idealized circular omnidirectional cells Minimum performance contour z A x y B Handover threshold contour Distance x-y should be sufficient for fastest vehicle to stay in darker band during the slowest handover 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 SOURCE: R. C. LEVINE, SMU COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Bluetooth • • • A standard permitting for wireless connection of: Personal computers Printers Mobile phones Handsfree headsets LCD projectors Modems Wireless LAN devices Notebooks Desktop PCs PDAs 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Bluetooth Characteristics • Operates in the 2. 4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) (unlicensed)! band. Packet switched. 1 milliwatt. Low cost. • 10 m to 100 m range • Uses Frequency Hop (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of hop channels. During connection, devices hop from one channel to another 1600 times per second • Bandwidth 1 -2 megabits/second • Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (two or more Bluetooth units sharing a channel). • Built-in security. • Non line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases. • Easy integration of TCP/IP for networking. 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Mobile E-Business Challenges • • Location dynamically changing Asymmetric cost function Low power devices Limited storage on mobile devices Frequent disconnection / loss of service Security Low display and multimedia capability

Wireless Mobility Satellite Regional Area Wide Area Local Area Emerging Connectivity Solutions: Cellular, Satellite, Microwave, and Packet Radio SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Mobile IP Provides Seamless Connectivity Conferences Home Internet ISP Access through the Internet Dialup Hotel Commuting LANs and VLANs Meeting Rooms Cellular or Mobile SOURCE: CISCO 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Mobile Commerce Growth 1, 400, 000 1, 200, 000 1, 000, 000 Cellular Subscribers 800, 000 600, 000 Internet PC's 400, 000 200, 000 WAP Handsets 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 SOURCE: DANET 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

WAP Applications Internet Web Content Server Non Mobile Internet User WAP Gateway Mobile Terminal Mobile Network Database Server SOURCE: DANET 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) • Communication between a mobile phone and a server connected to the phone network • Uses WML (Wireless Markup Language) • WAP specification (pdf file) • WAP simulator

Ubiquitous Computing • Average U. S. house has 15 microprocessors (1999) • Average new U. S. car has 7 microprocessors (1999) • Sensors – temperature, humidity, fluid level – microphones, cams – body-embedded (personal status monitor) • Wearable computers • Active badge (AT&T Cambridge) IR detection

Ubiquitous Computing SOURCE: INTERSHOP 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2000 COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL

GPS Satellite Constellation • Global Positioning System • Operated by USAF • 25 satellites • 6 orbital planes at a height of 20, 200 km • Positioned so a minimum of 5 satellites are visible at all times • Reciever measures distance to satellite SOURCE: NAVSTAR

Trilateration One measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere 11, 000 miles We're somewhere on the surface of this sphere. SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

Trilateration Second measurement narrows it down to intersection of two spheres Intersection of two Spheres is a circle SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

Trilateration Third measurement narrows to just two points SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

Trilateration Fourth measurement will decide between two points SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

Positioning by Differential GPS Civilian accuracy < 30 feet Military accuracy < 1 foot DGPS Reference Station SOURCE: NAVSTAR

Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Benefits of AVL • Fast dispatch • Customer service • Safety, security • Digital messaging • Dynamic route optimization • Driver complicance Sample AVL Users • Chicago 911 • Inkombank, Moscow • Taxi companies SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

GPS Applications • • • Cellphone/GPS child locator (NTT) Monitor shipments Truck/rolling stock/airplane tracking Precision farming Locating stolen cars Tour buses Fishing fleets Roadside service Construction projects (Chunnel)