Dynastic Struggles Creation of large nation states led

Dynastic Struggles

• Creation of large nation states led to conflicts among them. • Thus the 16 th century was a period of almost constant general warfare. • Wars were fought to further the CROWN vs. for the interests of the people…. thus the title DYNASTIC STRUGGLES/WARS

• France vs. the Hapsburg empire, but the wars took place in France. Austrian Hapsburgs (yellow), Spanish Hapsburgs (red), stripes territories lost prior to 1700.

Italian Wars • Rivalries among larger Italian city-states was the perfect place for European monarchs to fight. • France and Spain both had legitimate claims to Naples. I 1494, Charles VIII (France) aided Milan and overthrew the Medici in Florence and seized the crown of Naples. • Ferdinand (Spain) and Charles VIII decided to split Naples between them, but Spain betrayed France and took Naples for themselves.

• Time moved on and the new French King (Francis I) and the new Spanish King (Charles V) were already rivals because of the betrayal over Milan. • When Charles V’s grandfather died in 1519, both monarchs began fighting to succeed him. • Charles V won and inherited the HRE, but his authority was limited by the German Princes; France responded by invading Milan (which was under the protection of the Holy Roman Empire)

• Charles V was determined to aid Milan when they asked. He found an ally in Henry VIII (England) who wanted to reconquer France and make a name for himself. • Henry VIII staged an invasion in Northern France, while Spain and Germany (part of the HRE) went to dislodge France from Italy. • Francis I was captured at the Battle of Pavia. • Charles V seemed to be the Master of Europe and Henry VIII wanted him to invade France…

• However, Charles V was being threatened on all sides and couldn’t afford a war in France. • Protestants and Princes threatened in the HRE (German lands), the Ottoman Turks threatened him in the HRE (Austria/Hungary lands) • His goal was to reach an agreement with the captured Francis I, but his agreement led to 30 more years of war. – – – Burgundy had to be returned to Spain France had to recognize Spanish rule in Naples. France had to recognize Spanish conquest of Navarre Francis I had to marry Charles V’s sister Francis I had to leave his 7 and 8 year old sons as hostage with Charles V. This was called the Treaty of Madrid

• Francis I returned home and immediately renounced the Treaty. • Henry VIII switched sides and Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Turks) allied with him. – He divided Hungary in half when he invaded – Charles V’s unpaid German mercenaries sacked Rome in 1527 and captured the Pope. – 1557 France and Spain have to declare bankruptcy. – 1559 - Treaty of Cateau. Cambresis brought an end to 60 years of war.