Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management Teece Pisano and

Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management Teece, Pisano, and Shuen (1997) Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), 509 -533 Prepared by group 3: Jason Franken, Prasanna Karhade Marko Madunic, Jennifer Shen Hsiao-Ching Lee 1

Introduction The fundamental question in the field of strategic management is how firms achieve and sustain competitive advantage. This research considers this question by developing the dynamic capabilities approach. This paper attempts to identify three existing paradigms and describe aspects of an emerging new paradigm that is dynamic capabilities. 1. Competitive forces approach 2. Strategic conflict approach 3. Resource-based perspective 4. Dynamic capabilities approach 2

Models of Strategy Emphasizing the Exploitation of Market Power Competitive Forces (Porter 1980) Views the essence of competitive strategy formulation as ‘relating a company to its environment … The key aspect of the firm’s environment is the industry or industries in which it competes’ 5 industry-level forces determine the economic profit potential of an industry • Entry barriers, threat of substitution, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among industry incumbents Economic rents are created largely at the industry or sub-sector level rather than at the firm level. 3

Models of Strategy Emphasizing the Exploitation of Market Power Strategic conflict (Shapiro 1989) This approach utilizes the tools of game theory to analyze the nature of competitive interaction between rival firms. Together with the contestability literature, the role of sunk costs determine competitive outcomes instead of fixed costs. However, the game-theoretical approach largely ignores the entrepreneurial side of strategy. This approach also ignores competition as a process involving the development, accumulation, combination, and protection of unique skills and capabilities. 4

Models of Strategy Emphasizing Efficiency Resource-based perspective This approach focuses on the economic rents accruing to the owners of scarce firm-specific resources rather than the economic profits from product market positioning. From this perspective, firms are heterogeneous with respect to their resources/capabilities/endowments. Further, resource endowments are ‘sticky. ’ It focuses on strategies for exploiting existing firm-specific assets. And it views VI and diversification as ways of capturing economic rents on scarce, firm-specific assets. It also invites consideration of managerial strategies for developing new capabilities (skill acquisition, the management of knowledge and know-how, and learning). 5

Models of Strategy Emphasizing Efficiency The dynamic capabilities approach: Overview The ability to achieve new forms of competitive advantage as ‘dynamic capabilities’ to emphasize two key aspects • Dynamic the capacity to renew competences so as to achieve congruence with the changing business environment • Capabilities the key role of strategic management in appropriately adapting, integrating, and reconfiguring internal and external organizational skills, resources, and functional competences to match the requirements of a changing environment. 6

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework Markets and strategic capabilities A key step in building a conceptual framework related to dynamic capabilities is to identify the foundations upon which distinctive and difficultto-replicate advantages can be built, maintained, and enhanced. The key point is that the properties of internal organization cannot be replicated by a portfolio of business units amalgamated just through formal contracts as many distinctive elements of internal organization simply cannot be replicated in the market. 7

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework 3 categories will help determine a firm’s distinctive competence and dynamic capabilities: processes, positions, and paths. Organizational and managerial processes • Coordination/integration (a static concept): – the way production is organized by management inside the firm is the source of differences in firms’ competence in various domains. (coordinative routines. ) – competence/capability is embedded in distinct ways of coordinating and combining helps to explain how and why seemingly minor technological changes can have devastating impacts on incumbent firms’ abilities to compete in a market. – there is a certain rationality or coherence to processes and systems is not quite the same concept as corporate culture. Corporate culture refers to the values and beliefs that employees hold. Rationality or coherence notions are more akin to organizational routines. 8

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework • Learning – 2 key characteristics – learning involves organizational as well as individual skills. – the organizational knowledge generated by such activity resides in new patterns of activity, in ‘routines, ’ or a new logic of organization. • Reconfiguration and transformation – This requires constant surveillance of markets and technologies and the willingness to adopt practice. (Benchmarking can help. ) – Change is costly and so firms must develop processes to minimize low pay-off change. ( Decentralization and local autonomy assist these processes. ) 9

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework Positions • difficult-to-trade knowledge assets and assets complementary to them, as well as its reputational and relational assets determine its competitive advantage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Technological assets. Complementary assets. Financial assets. Reputational assets. Structural assets. Institutional assets. Market (structure) assets. Organizational boundaries. 10

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework Paths • Path dependencies – Where a firm can go is a function of its current position and the paths ahead. Path dependencies recognizes that ‘history matters. ’ – The importance of path dependencies is amplified where conditions of increasing returns to adoption exist. – In the presence of increasing returns, firms can compete passively, or they may compete strategically through technology-sponsoring activities. 11

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework • Technological opportunities – technological opportunities may not be completely exogenous to industry, not only because some firms have the capacity to engage in or at least support basic research, but also because technological opportunities are often fed by innovative activity itself. – The depth and width of technological opportunities in the neighborhood of a firm’s prior research activities thus are likely to impact a firm’s options with respect to both the amount and level of R&D activity that it can justify. 12

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework Replicability and imitatability of organizational processes and positions • Replication – Replication involves transferring or redeploying competences from one concrete economic setting to another. – replication and transfer are often impossible absent the transfer of people, though this can be minimized if investments are made to convert tacit knowledge to codified knowledge. – competences and capabilities, and the routines upon which they rest, are normally rather difficult to replicate. – At least two types of strategic value flow from replication. 1. the ability to support geographic and product line expansion. 2. the firm has the foundations in place for learning and improvement. 13

Toward A Dynamic Capabilities Framework • Imitation – Imitation is simply replication performed by a competitor. In competitive markets, it is the ease of imitation that determines the sustainability of competitive advantage. – the more tacit the firm’s productive knowledge, the harder it is to replicate by the firm itself or its competitors. – another set of barriers impedes imitation is the system of intellectual property rights, such as patents, trade secrets, and trademarks, and even trade dress. 14

Conclusions 15