Dutch History for Dummies Uninitiated in Utrecht Frazzled
- Slides: 27
Dutch History for Dummies Uninitiated in Utrecht? Frazzled by Friesland? Baffled by Batavia? This is for you. Kimberley Sorenson The Waterford School Sandy, UT NEH Seminar 2005
The Place: North
The Place: South
13 th Century • Part of Holy Roman Empire, which is a loose confederacy including Germany, Bohemia (the Czech Republic), parts of Austria, Sicily, parts of Northern Italy • South (Flanders and Brabant) is urbanized center of textile processing; linked to Hansa in Baltic, England, and Tuscany. • North is a frontier, being reclaimed by windmills and dikes
14 th century • Neither North nor South is badly damaged by Black Death. • North: bulk shipping of timber and grain from Baltic and salt from Portugal and W. France • Many medium cities, which are commercialized but not ports. • South: firmly entrenched in Mediterranean and Tuscan cultural and economic life
15 th century • Death of last Count of Holland • North and South united under house of Burgundy • 1430’s: States General and centralized finance • Headquarters in Brussels; south engaged in 100 Years War in France • North left to duke it out with Hansa on their own
Revolt of 1477 -1492 • Habsburgs bring foreign troops, centralization, and high taxation to Netherlands to help in their wars with France • Nobles revolt • Large businessmen prefer stability of Habsburgs • Revolt fails
Modern Devotion • • Latin schools and literacy in the north Inner development of the individual Under the radar; did not address dogma Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis, 1473 • Agricola is an adherent; first humanist (literary Latin and Greek) • Inspires Erasmus
Erasmus and Northern Renaissance • Humanism has the potential to deepen and purify man’s relationship with Christ • Important to avoid paganism, “Judaism” (ceremony, ritual, and legalism), and schism • Enchiridion (1503) practical modeling on Christ • Armed truce with Luther
Habsburg Dynasty • Ferdinand Isabella unite Spain and complete Reconquista, 1492 • Only institution which unites Spanish districts is Catholic church • Their daughter Juana “la Loca” marries Philip the Fair, son of Maximilian Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy • (Juana’s sister is Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife).
Charles V • Son of Juana la Loca and Philip the Fair • Nephew of Catherine of Aragon • Holy Roman Emperor; defending Catholic Europe against Luther (1519) • Cortes (1519) and New World • Hungarians petition for admission to get out of way of Ottoman Turks • “Defending” Rome from French invasion • He’s got a lot on his plate
Charles V and Netherlands • Provincial governors are “stadholders. ” • Nobles are less involved in cities; gone to war and replaced by bureaucrats • Pragmatic Sanction, 1548: Habsburg Netherlands • Stability, improved traffic and dam management
Reformation • Church in retreat after 1480 • Luther 1519 • Charles V imposes Inquisition and book burnings 1521 • Eternal Edict 1550—death sentence • No possibility of public discussion; Protestantism in Netherlands does not harden into clear party line • William the Silent and the politiques
Dutch Agriculture and Economy • Free peasants on small lots • East is old tyme, maritime must produce food for cities • By 1500, Agricultural Revolution – Drainage, dams, canals, windmills – Manure from fodder crops and pens – Some switch to dairy after import Baltic grain – Need to provision cities – High rents and small farms
16 th century economy, South • “Rich trades” textiles, spices, metals, and sugar at Antwerp on Scheldt River; associated trades of woolen cloth, linen, tapestries, sugar-refining, metal-refining. • Expensive ships for long-distance trade of high-value goods owned by a few wealthy merchants
16 th century economy, North • In North: growth of maritime “depot” cities for Baltic grain and timber • Shipping, including shipbuilding, rope, sails, barrels, sacks, etc. By 1580, Holland has 1, 800 seagoing ships. (Venice had 300 at height) • Fluit by 1590 s; simple (small crew) and roomy • Multiple owners
Dutch Grievances, 1549 -1566 • Bureaucrats replacing nobles • Drain of wars with France in 1540 s • Low countries become Habsburg fortress for the invasion of France • Spanish Philip II succeeds father in 1555, who abdicates after Peace of Augsburg • France slips into Wars of Religion • Dutch exiles import Calvinism and “hedgepreaching” • By 1560 s, some toleration of Protestantism in north
Intensification • Beeldenstorm, 1566 • Duke of Alva and the Council of Blood, 15671572 • C of B targets non-noble wealthy; many leave • 1569, Alva inaugurates taxes for standing army • Sea-beggars (Protestants) seize ports • William the Silent leads discouraging fight • Dikes cut at Leiden, 1574 and “Almighty intervenes. ”
Union, 1575 • Union of Holland Zeeland June 1575 • Nucleus of state; common financial, administrative, military • Religious toleration and University of Leiden • Collapse of Spanish finances, fall of 1575 • “Spanish Fury” at Antwerp by mutineers
Spanish resurgence • Alva replaced by Don Juan, who is replaced by the Duke of Parma • Collapse of finances in 1575 leads to mutiny and “Spanish fury” • Nevertheless, Spain reconquers south between 1579 -1585 • William the Silent assassinated by a Catholic in the spring of 1581
Spain or Holland? • Elizabeth sends Earl of Leicester, who is rabid Calvinist, to help against the Spanish • Unpopularity of English makes Holland look better • Oldenbarnevelt: dike and secretary guy with the personality of a cuttlefish, but he strengthens Holland gets things done. • Spanish Armada, 1588. • 1609: 12 Years Truce
Dutch Military Power • Brilliant general Maurits, son of William • New engineering (paying soldiers to dig, wooden mats for guns) speeds sieges • More money from trade; by 1597, 2 nd largest army in Europe and most advanced; navy coming right along • “Military revolution” & problem of protecting civilians; discipline & feeding • Drill, harbor dredging, and consulting
Institutional Framework • 7 provinces and 18 towns • All questions had to be distributed to towns (and discussed) in advance • Each province had one vote in States General (the Generality) • Raad van State, or Council of State, is basic organ of administration • Admiralty colleges for customs, port and river maintenance • Highest office in province was Stadholder, who administered justice
Immigration after siege of Antwerp, 1585 • People from South, many of whom brought skills (linen bleaching, tile work, etc) distinct from those in north, hence little friction • People from poorer eastern portion of country • During 30 Years War (1618 -48) German immigrants
Economic growth after 1590 • Spain gets involved in French Wars of Religion in 1590 and lifts Dutch embargo 1609 • Military victories make rivers safe and institute Flemish embargo • 1590 -1609 “rich trades” and trade with Asia, Africa, and Americas; armed VOC 1602 • 1609 -1621 truce and increase of European trade; WIC (West Indies Company) 1621 • 1621 -1647 resumption of conflict with Spain and economic constriction, esp. in 1620 s
Welfare System • Urban growth after 1580 • Ambitious and highly regulated by religious affiliation and domicile • For one thing, they needed the labor • Town pride/status • (Well-ordered has happy implications for mentally ill) • On the order of 10% assisted
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