During the Industrial Revolution rapid urban growth worsened
“During the Industrial Revolution, rapid urban growth worsened overcrowding, pollution, and unhealthy living conditions. ” Pg. 718
In “walking cities”, people had to live as closely together as possible Infectious diseases were far deadlier than in rural areas Urban centers had negative birth to death ratios. The only way to maintain populations was through migration (Just like Europe, Russia, and Japan today, but for very different reasons)
“Who or what bore responsibility for these awful conditions? ” Pg. 719 “Externalities” an external effect, often unforeseen or unintended, accompanying a process or activity:
Jeremy Bentham & Utilitarianism “public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis to advance the greatest good for the greatest number. ” Pg. 720 This idea represents the birth of the modern regulatory state and (eventually) the welfare state
1854 Louis Pasteur develops the germ theory Germs cause disease and germs can be (sometimes) controlled (primarily by boiling) Pasteur’s idea saved more lives than any other idea in human history
Pasteur’s discovery leads to the development of the first vaccines, and then to Lister’s theory of sterilization of wounds and instruments in hospitals Populations growth accelerates rapidly
Electric streetcars transformed the size, layout, and function of cities “suburban commuting was born” Pg. 725
Roots of the Feminist Movement “In England a wife had no legal identity and hence no right to own property. Even the wages she might earn belonged to her husband. ” pg. 740 The Suffragette Movement aimed to give women the right to vote in order to change these laws
“Second Industrial Revolution” Telegraphs Lightbulbs Internal Combustion Engine “The world begins to shrink”
Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection The theory of evolution is introduced Implications: The Biblical account of creation (of both Man and the Earth) is not consistent with science Many intellectuals reject religion in favor of “Social Darwinism”, aka Survival of the Fittest
- Slides: 10