Drugs Use Misuse and Abuse Objectives Discuss the

Drugs: Use, Misuse, and Abuse

Objectives • Discuss the six categories of drugs and their routes of administration. • Discuss the use of illicit drugs among college students. • Discuss the use and abuse of controlled substances, including cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana, opioids, hallucinogens, designer drugs, inhalants, and steroids. • Profile illicit drug use in the United States, including who uses illicit drugs, their financial impact, and their impact on college campuses and the workplace. • Review problems relating to the misuse and abuse of prescription drugs. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Drug Dynamics • Drugs work because they physically resemble chemicals produced naturally in the body. • In the receptor site theory, drugs bind to specific receptor sites in the body. • Psychoactive drugs can alter mood or behavior, acting on neurotransmitters in the brain. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

How the Body Metabolizes Drugs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Action of Cocaine at Dopamine Receptors in the Brain Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Types of Drugs • Prescription • Over the counter • Recreational • Herbal •

Routes of Administration of Drugs • Oral ingestion • Injection • Intravenous • Intramuscular

Using, Misusing, and Abusing Drugs • A drug is a chemical substance that affects the way you feel and function. • Drug misuse is the use of a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended. • Drug abuse is the excessive use of drugs. • Addiction is the habitual reliance on a substance or behavior to produce a desired mood. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Illicit Drugs • Illicit drugs are those drugs that are illegal to possess, produce, or sell. • Factors putting college students at risk for using drugs • Genetics and family history • Parental attitudes and behavior • Substance use in high school • Positive expectations • Mental health problems • Sorority and fraternity membership Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Avoidance of Illegal Drugs • Factors influencing a student to avoid drug use • Religion and spirituality • Student engagement (involvement in learning) • College athletics • Preventing drug use and abuse on campus • Changing student expectations of college partying • Engaging parents about substance use • Identifying high-risk students • Providing treatment programs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reasons Why College Students Use Illicit Drugs or Controlled Prescription Drugs Copyright © 2010

Controlled Substances • The Controlled Substances Act of 1973 created categories for both prescription and illegal substances. • Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse and no medicinal purpose. • Schedule II, IV, and V drugs have known and accepted medical purposes, but many present a serious threat to health when misused or abused. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Activity Break: Drug Classifications • Stimulants • Marijuana • Opiates • Hallucinogens • Designer

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stimulants • A stimulant is a drug that increases activity of the central nervous system. • Effects • Increased activity • Anxiety • Agitation • Commonly used stimulants • Cocaine • Amphetamines • Methamphetamine Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stimulants: Cocaine • Cocaine is a white powder made from coca shrub leaves. • Methods of cocaine use • Snorting • Smoking (freebasing) • Injection • Physical effects • Euphoria • Increased heart rate and blood pressure • Loss of appetite • Convulsions Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cocaine Addiction • Cocaine addicts suffer both physiological damage and disruption in lifestyle. • Cocaine and pregnancy • Increased chance of miscarriage • Babies exposed to cocaine in utero may be physically damaged, premature, or have learning and cognitive deficits. • Treatment for addiction • Psychiatric counseling • 12 -step programs • New vaccine in development Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ups and Downs of a Typical Dose of Cocaine Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education,

Stimulants: Amphetamines • Amphetamines are also called bennies, dex, meth, speed, cross tops, uppers, ice. • Adderall and Ritalin are used for medical purposes. • Recently, these drugs have become popular on college campuses (all-nighters). • Methamphetamine is powerfully addicting and easily made using over-the-counter drugs. • Small doses increase alertness and decrease appetite. • Large doses can lead to convulsions, hallucinations, and death. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Methamphetamine Users Often Damage Their Teeth Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Methamphetamine Use and Society • Methamphetamine can be snorted, injected, smoked, or ingested orally. • Users experience tolerance immediately, making meth a highly addictive drug. • Meth abuse is a serious problem in the United States. • Many states now require retailers to place cold and allergy medications behind the counter. • Production yields toxic waste. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Marijuana • Active ingredient • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive substance in marijuana. • Physical effects • dilation of blood vessels in the eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, lowered blood pressure, mild muscular weakness • severe anxiety, panic, paranoia, and psychosis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Depressants: Opiates • Powerful depressant of the central nervous system • Also called narcotics • Derived from opium, the dark, resinous substance made from the juice of the opium poppy • Derivatives: morphine, codeine • Synthetic opiates: Percodan, Demerol, and Dilaudid • Oxy. Contin is another powerful opiate. • Heroin is highly addictive. • Endorphins (opiate-like substances) are manufactured in the body and have many receptor sites. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Treatment for Heroin Addiction • Most treatment programs for heroin addiction are not very successful. • Distinct pattern of withdrawal • Crave another dose 4 to 6 hours after initial dose • Sleep disturbance, irritability, and muscle tremors occur 12 hours after initial dose. • Nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea occur 24 to 72 hours after initial dose. • Methadone is a synthetic narcotic that blocks the effects of opiate withdrawal. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates • A sedative drug promotes mental calmness and reduces anxiety, while a hypnotic drug promotes sleep or drowsiness. • Depress the central nervous system • Commonly prescribed for tension, muscular strain, sleep problems, anxiety, panic attacks, and to treat alcohol withdrawal Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hallucinogens • Psychedelics means “mind manifesting. ” • Major receptor sites are in the reticular formation, located in the brain stem; when a hallucinogen reaches this site, messages become scrambled. • Synesthesia occurs when sensory messages are mixed (one smells colors or hears tastes). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hallucinogens (cont. ) • LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) • Mescaline is derived from peyote cactus. • Psilocybinis is also known as a “magic mushroom”. • PCP (phencyclidine) is a synthetic substance originally developed as a dissociative anesthetic. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hallucinogens: LSD • LSD is the most notorious. • Physiological effects include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure and temperature, muscle tremors, gooseflesh, headaches, and mild nausea. • Psychological effects include euphoria, dysphoria (sense of foreboding), shortened attention span, introspection, and distortions of perceptions. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Designer Drugs • Collectively known as “club drugs” • Ecstasy • GHB • Special

Inhalants • Chemicals that produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and creating intoxicating and euphoric effects • Some agents are organic solvent by-products of the distillation of petroleum products • Rubber cement, model glue, paint thinner, lighter fluid, varnish, wax, and gasoline Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steroids • Anabolic steroids are artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. • They include ergogenic drugs, which are substances that enhance athletic performance. • Two forms of anabolic steroids • Injectable solutions • Pills • Effects: mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, kidney disease • Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 – Schedule III drug Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prescription Drug Abuse • As many as 15. 2 million Americans over 12 years old report abusing controlled prescription drugs in 1 year. • Abuse is common among teenagers. • Doctor shopping: abusers visit several doctors to obtain multiple prescriptions • On college campuses • Increase in prescription drug use, exceeding all other drugs but marijuana • Students believe they can accomplish more with help from drugs such as Adderall and Ritalin. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Illegal Drug Use in the United States • Cost of illegal drug use in the United States in 2002 was $180. 9 billion. • Estimate includes costs associated with substance abuse treatment and prevention, health care, reduced job productivity and lost earnings, and social consequences such as crime and welfare. • Roughly half of the expenditures goes toward combating crime related to illegal drugs. • The highest rates of illicit drug use among workers occur in the food preparation, food service, bartending, construction, and transportation and material-moving industries. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solutions to the Problem • Educating young people • Stricter border surveillance • Longer prison sentences • Increased government spending on prevention • Enforcing antidrug laws • More research Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.