DRUGS AND NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AP Psych DRUGS
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DRUGS AND NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AP Psych
DRUGS
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Work at the brain’s synapses by stimulating, inhibiting, or mimicking neurotransmitters � Effects also influenced by expectations � Addiction - Compulsive drug craving and use � 10% of psychoactive drug users become addicted, chronic users
TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWAL Tolerance – the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. � Neuroadaption – the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the drug Withdrawal – the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug (aches, nausea, distress)
DEPENDENCE Physical dependence – a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued Psychological dependence – a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
DRUG CATEGORIES Depressants – slow the activity of the nervous system and give people a sense of relaxation but can have negative effects Stimulants – increase the activity of the nervous system and speed up the heart and breathing rate. Stimulants include nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine Hallucinogens – drug that produces hallucinations, can cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure and sometimes feelings of panic. Mouse Party!
DEPRESSANTS Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions � Slow the activity in the CNS � Alcohol � Barbiturates � Opiates
ALCOHOL Depressant Initial high, followed by relaxation and disinhibition � The urges you would feel if you were sober are the ones you will more likely act upon if intoxicated � BAC = blood alcohol content Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions Expectations guide effects
BARBITURATES AND OPIATES Depressants Barbiturates � Tranquillizers � Anti-anxiety drugs/sleep aids Opiates � Derived from opium � Morphine, Heroin � Can cause the brain to stop naturally producing endorphins
STIMULANTS Drugs that easily excite neural activity and speed bodily functions � Amphetamines Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine � Methamphetamine � Ecstasy
COCAINE Stimulant � Crack is more potent Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy Cardiovascular stress, paranoia, depressive crash Expectations – placebos show same results
METHAMPHETAMINE Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, high blood pressure, seizure Reduces baseline dopamine levels permanent dopamine deficiency Horrors of Meth
ECSTASY (MDMA) Stimulant, mild hallucinogen Emotional elevation, disinhibition Dehydration, overheating Damage to serotonin producing neurons permanently reduced mood
HALLUCINOGENS Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input � Marijuana � LSD (acid)
MARIJUANA Depressant, mild hallucinogen Enhanced sensations, relief, distortion of time, relaxation Impaired learning and memory, lower inhibitions THC - major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations Effects depend on user’s expectations
LSD (ACID) Hallucinogen Hallucinations Unpredictable – highs, lows Can experience flashbacks later in life
DRUG USE: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PHENOMENON Biological Psychological Lacking sense of purpose or direction Social Cultural Genetic tendencies (alcoholism) Dopamine reward circuit Significant stress and urge to avoid Belonging to a drug using culture group Tolerance Psychological disorders, such as depression Peer pressure/influence Cultural ethnic group Possible channels for drug prevention for young people… • Education about drugs’ negative effects • Efforts to boost self esteem and purpose in life • Attempts to modify peer associations, or inoculate youth against peer pressure
NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations � Replay of memories � Out-of-body sensations � Vivid visions of tunnels and bright lights � 1/3 of people who have had a brush with death report having a near-death experience
DUALISM VS. MONISM Can the mind exist apart from the body? � Dualism – the presumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. � Monism – the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
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