Drugs and Music Christina Gov Steven Galarnyk Timothy

Drugs and Music Christina Gov, Steven Galarnyk, Timothy Bates, Amanda Siu, Jae Lee

"Music is the soul of language" - Max Heindel Since the dawn of society, humans have jammed to music and used drugs for spiritual and celebratory reasons. This is one of the oldest cultural phenomena still going on strong today. We will each present five music genres of their cultural influences and their relationship to drugs.

Genres • • • Reggae Electronic Rock & Roll Jazz Country

Reggae • Associated with marijuana • Many reggae artists were followers of the Rastafari movement o Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Burning Spear o Cannabis referenced in lyrics § "Legalize it" - Peter Tosh

A Brief History • 1655 -1838 - Jamaica captured as a British colony o slave economy • 1838 - Jamaica was emancipated

Rastafarianism • A religion and ideology that developed in Jamaica • Rejection of imperialism, westernization - "Babylon" • Promoted regular use of marijuana o Called ganja, the herb, the weed, the holy herb • Did not encourage rum, liquor, or cigarettes

Rastafarianism: Marijuana • Ganja used as a religious ritual • Expression of freedom against Babylon • Used recreationally and religiously o Smoking ganja considered a spiritual act o Followed by Bible study o Brings one closer to Jah • Smoking of ganja to "loosen up" o brainwashed by capitalism and colonialism o the only way to clear the mind would be through use of ganja § enables you to see your "true self" • Belief that the Bible encouraged use of the herb o "He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and the herb for the service of man. " Psalm 104: 14

More Biblical Citations ". . . thou shalt eat the herb of the field. " Genesis 3: 18 ". . . eat every herb of the land" Exodus 10: 12 "And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb-bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. " Genesis 1: 29 "And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw it was good. " Genesis 3: 18

Nesta Robert "Bob" Marley Reggae artist and Rastafarian Spread the Rastafarian Movement worldwide

Electronic

What is Electronic Music? • According to the EMA, electronic music is any music produced or performed primarily using electronic instruments in a unique, non-generic fashion, such that the focus of the music is on the electronic aspects. • Some popular artists in this genre includes; o Steve Aoki o Infected Mushroom o Armin Vaan Burren o The Prodigy o Skrillex

History of Electronic Music "If Pac-Man had affected us as kids, we'd all be running around in dark rooms, munching pills and listening to repetitive electronic music. " - Marcus Brigstocke • Electronic music could be dated back to as 1900 s. However, to us the more culturally relevant portion of electronic music history starts out in 1980 s when the rave culture started to take off. � o Gained popularity in the U. K with influential figures such as Paul Oakenfold. o Not surprisingly, E started to get popular around this time § First news report of E seizure in 1987.

Iconic Drugs • MDMA o Pharmacodynamics § Indirect agonist for 5 -HT and for DA and Ne in lesser amount § It's effects are unique because it makes you feel sympathetic towards others. (empathogenesis) § Perhaps this is the reason it is popular with teenagers. (That or the increase in sensuality known as enactogenesis) o Pharmacokinetic § Usually swallowed in pill form § peaks in 1 hour and last from 3 -12 hours depending on purity MDMA crystals

Iconic Drugs continued • Stimulants o Cocaine, Amphetamine § These are insufflated or cut into the ecstasy pills • Psychedelics o LSD § Taking MDMA and LSD at the same time is known as "Candy flipping. "

Interview These were the people I had to interview, this was difficult for several reasons. 1. The music was blaring non-stop, it was very hard to carry on a conversation. Apparently rave culture promotes unity, not conversation. 2. People wouldn't stop offering me massages and light shows. While flattered, some of these people had to be avoided.

Interview continued Many claimed that the effect of MDMA made them feel more connected and close to one another. (empathogenesis) • MDMA was used for marriage counseling. • This also coincides with PLUR, the rave philosophy of Peace, Love, Unity and Respect Example from my hands-on interviews: 1. "Sick bass beats and ecstasy just goes together. " - Hyper Nova* 2. "I can feel the music with all of my body and makes me want to dance all night long. " - Crush Bunny* (enactogenesis) • This person probably took pill that was cut with uppers such as amphetamine. (*= In rave culture, people are designated a raver name from either their rave parent or a total

Rock & Roll

Early Rock • Elvis Presley o A heavy prescription drug user § Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Hydromorphone. . . o Denounced illicit drug use o Traces of 14 different drugs at time of death • The Beatles o Very heavy use of illicit drugs § LSD (a ton), Amphetamines, Cannabis, Cocaine. . . § Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds o Eventually denounced drug use • These were typical patterns among other artists of the time

Jimi Hendrix and Psychedelic Rock • • Became symbol of the psychedelic movement. Used LSD, Barbiturates, Amphetamines Message of peace and love, supported hippie movement Died famously by choking on vomit while on Barbiturates • Psychedelic rock associated with many drugs o LSD and LSA, psilocybin, Mescaline, DMT, DOM (STP) o also used Cannabis, Cocaine, Ketamine and others • Use extensive references to drugs

Focus on: LSD • d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide • Derived from ergot, a fungus on rye • Acts primarily on 5 HT-2 A receptor o Direct agonist • Also acts on many other 5 HT, NE and DA receptors o Does not cause dependence • Rapid tolerance due to down-regulation of 5 HT-2 A receptors o Cross tolerance with Mescaline and Psilocybin • Significant open and closed eye hallucinations and possible synesthesia, surfaces seem to breathe and morph, after images o Set and Setting very important to avoid bad "trip" • Schedule I drug

Ozzy Osbourne and Heavy Metal • Former lead guitarist and vocalist for Black Sabbath • Abused drugs including alcohol for 40 years • "I've been loaded on booze, coke, acid, Quaaludes, glue, cough mixture, heroin, Rohypnol, Klonopin, Vicodin, and too many other heavy-duty substances to list in this footnote. On more than a few occasions I was on all of those at the same time. " • Suffered from tremors due to Parkin Syndrome o Not from Drug or Alcohol Abuse • Heavy Metal is associated with harder drugs o Cocaine, Heroin, PCP, LSD, Alcohol, Cannabis, Crack, Amphetamines, solvents, Barbiturates

"Resting Arousal, Sensation Seeking, and Music Preference" • Suggests that some individuals may be predisposed to seek out more intense and complex stimuli than others o some individuals may enhance stimulation, resulting in over stimulation o others may reduce intensity of incoming stimuli, resulting in stimulus deprivation. • Adolescents that listen to heavy metal were more likely to use, but not abuse illicit drugs • Drug taking and other reckless behavior associated with higher levels of arousal, and are therefore preferred by stimulus seeking individuals • These individuals engage in these activities in order to reach their ideal level of stimulation

Jazz and Drugs “The jazzman has always been tagged with the current vice of the times. In the Twenties the jazz musician was a drunkard. He was a jazz musician, therefore he was a drunkard. In the Thirties and early Forties, he was a jazz musician, therefore he used marijuana. In the later Forties and Fifties, into the Sixties, he's a jazz musician, so he's a dope addict. ” – Billy Taylor

*Marijuana • History: o o o 1910: Introduction of marijuana to US 1923 -1930: Racially charged anti-pot campaign 1937 Marijuana Tax Act o o o Increased metabolism - useful on late nights Distorted perceptions - enhanced listening experience Impaired coordination, learning and memory • Muggles, moota, gage, reefer, Mary Warner, tea, mezz, ju-ju, grifa…. • Effects:

Focus: Heroin • Faster-acting version of morphine • Can be smoked, snorted, injected • Effects o o Euphoria – “a deep sense of satisfaction” Followed by exhaustion, sense of apathy o Nausea, slowed metabolism § Aid for performance anxiety

*Heroin: Pharmacology • Pharm. term: Diacetylmorphine Morphine + 2 acetyl groups µ opioid agonists Increases dopamine production by inhibiting GABA release analgesic, euphoric effects o o o

*"the idea was going around that to use heroin might make you play as great as Bird. " - Miles Davis

Country Music and Drugs The Joke: “ What do you get when you play a country song backwards? ” Answer: You get your dog back, your truck back and your wife back. “I’m just gonna go home, lie down, and listen to country music. The music of pain. ” -Xander from Buffy “Country music has always been the best shrink that 15 bucks can buy. ” -Dierks Bentley “Country Music is three cords and the truth. ” -Harland Howard

Drug References Alcohol- Brad Paisley Whiskey Girl- Toby Keith Tequila Makes her Clothes Fall Off- Joe Nichols Whiskey for my men, Beer For My Horses- Toby Keith Tear In My Beer- Hank Williams Whiskey river- Willie Nelson, Whiskey bent and hell bound- Hank William’s, Jr Beer thirty- Brooks & Dunn Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On- Neal Mc. Coy All Jacked Up- Gretchen Wilson Tennessee whiskey- David Allen Coe Whiskey Girl- Toby Keith Tequila Sunrise- Eagles Drugs or Jesus- Tim Mc. Graw Cocaine Blues- Johnny Cash Etc.

What does Country Music reference? • Researchers who looked at the bestselling songs in several genres from 2005 found that 37% of top country songs featured references to drugs or alcohol, compared to just 14% of rock songs. Rap songs referenced drug usage in 77% of songs. R&B and Hip-hop were at 20%. • The same study found that the drug most often mentioned in country songs is alcohol.

So we know the reference stats… • A study by Loyola University found beer consumption was greatest for country music at live concerts when compared against Rock, Reggae and Hip-hop/Rap. Overall alcohol consumption however was highest for rock concerts.

Where is country music? • Primarily in the USA but also Canada and Australia.

Where in the US is country? • The size of each state is proportional to the number of times it is mentioned in country music.

Tobacco Usage l

Alcohol Usage (binge) Source: http: //www. statemaster. com/red/graph/hea_alc_con_bin_dri-health-alcohol-consumption-binge-drinkers&b_map=1

So why all talk and no drink? • Drinking is clearly considered wrong but in most of the songs it’s seen as expected and routine to use it to face the tough facts of life. • The answer to the paradox: The concept of Redemption. • Two famous country stars, Johnny Cash and George Jones, both drank and it almost ruined them but they both found the strength to turn their lives around. That’s country music.

Drinking is about humor? • A University of Pittsburgh study found that in country music drinking tends to be portrayed as humorous. Alcohol isn’t quite given a blanket acceptance as much as a humorous portrayal. “Don’t have to go home but you can’t stay here, That’s what they said when I got my last beer. Oh my God, its 2 oclock, I can’t find my keys and my trucks locked So I grabbed a tire tool and I broke my window, hurt my elbow got me in though Two foot later backed into the light pole, all the town folk got a good show” From "All Jacked Up" by Gretchen Wilson “He's on the dance floor yelling Freebird Singing off pitch but he knows every word Grabs him another girl and he holds on tight Now he's chasing everything in sight he'll fall apart when he gets home Right now his worries are gone Life looks good, good Billy's got his beer goggles on” From "Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On" by Neal Mc. Coy “She’ll start with kickin’ out of her shoes Loose an earring in her drink Leave her jacket in the bathroom stall Drop a contact down the sink” From "Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off" by Joe Nichols

Prescription Drug Abuse • Nonmedical Use of Pain Relievers in Past Year among Persons Aged 12 or Older

Thank you! Enjoy your spring break and continue this cultural phenomena at your own discretion. Questions?

References http: //thinkexist. com/quotation/music_is_the_soul_of_language/214749. html http: //www. newagejournal. com/sexdrugs. shtml Reggae: http: //www. uvm. edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/dorsey. html http: //www. jamaicans. com/info/brief. htm http: //www. religionfacts. com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism. htm Barrett, Leonard E Sr. The Rastafarians. Beacon Press: Boston 1997. Rock: http: //www. beatlesbible. com/features/drugs/ http: //www. guardian. co. uk/theobserver/2002/aug/11/features. magazine 27 http: //www. erowid. org/references/refs_view. php? A=Show. Doc 1&ID=6318 http: //www. historylink. org/index. cfm? Display. Page=output. cfm&File_Id=2498 Mc. Namara, L. , & Ballard, M. E. (1999). Resting Arousal, Sensation Seeking, and Music Preference. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 125(3), 229. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Country: References continued. . . http: //health. usnews. com/usnews/healthday/071108/one-third-of-popular-songs-refer-tosubstance-abuse. htm http: //clearinghouse. missouriwestern. edu/manuscripts/256. php http: //current. com/1 ndce 4 c http: //christianmusic. about. com/od/editorial 1/a/lyricsstudy 08. htm http: //www. statemaster. com/red/graph/hea_alc_con_bin_dri-health-alcohol-consumption-bingedrinkers&b_map=1 http: //www. cdc. gov/vitalsigns/Tobacco. Use/Smoking/State. Info-large. html Ben Marsh, “A Rose-Colored Map” Harper’s, July 1977, 80. http: //www. cdc. gov/vitalsigns/Tobacco. Use/Smoking/State. Info-large. html http: //www. thestate. com/2010/02/09/1147170/country-musics-love-affair-with. html SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2006 and 2007.

References continued. . . Jazz http: //www. jstor. org/stable/799451 http: //www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171, 826388, 00. html http: //www. austinchronicle. com/music/2007 -05 -25/477944/ http: //everything 2. com/title/Heroin+and+jazz http: //www. ukcia. org/potculture/30/louis. html http: //www. nida. nih. gov/infofacts/marijuana. html http: //www. cannabisculture. com/v 2/articles/3434. html http: //www. neurosoup. com/schedule 1/heroinpharmacology. htm

Electronic: References continued. . . http: //ema. wsu. edu/? q=node/13#definition http: //www. mdma. net/therapy/method. html http: //www. fantazia. org. uk/Scene/timeline. htm http: //www. thesite. org/drinkanddrugs/drugculture/drugstrade/thehistoryofrave http: //image. tradevv. com/2010/04/05/joeysilva/plant/2010045052323. jpg? size=600 http: //www. 3 dchem. com/imagesofmolecules/Amphetamine. jpg http: //www. eyepod. org/sitebuilder/images/lsd 3_1_-356 x 373. jpg http: //www. mdma. net/therapy/method. html