DRUGMEDICINEREMEDY Prepared by DR RAMYA S S ASSISTANT
DRUG-MEDICINE-REMEDY Prepared by DR. RAMYA S. S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Dept of Homoeopathic Pharmacy
DRUG FRENCH WORD – DROGUE (DRY HERB) Drug is a therapeutic agent prepared pharmaceutically from stardardised drug substances according to the rules and regulations of pharmacopoeia, which is sufficiently capable of producing alteration of vital force producing altered sensations and functions and if continued for a sufficient time and large dose produces structural changes and even death of the organism.
WHO DEFINITION � Any substance that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological states for the benefit of the recepients.
HAHNEMANNIAN DEFINITION OF DRUG � Medicine could never cure diseases if they did not posses the power of altering man’s state of health which depends on sensations and functions, indeed, that their curative power they posseses of altering man’s state of health. The curative power of a drug depends on it’s disease producing power.
TYPES OF DRUG � MOTHER TINCTURE ◦ It is the drug pharmaceutically prepared from vegetable and animal sources using strong alcohol as a vehicle (solvent) by the process of immersion, maceration and percolation.
� Mother solution ◦ It is the drug pharmaceutically prepared from mineral and chemical sources using purified water as the solvent.
� Mother substance ◦ It is the substance pharmaceutically prepared from the drug substance of any source insoluble in liquid vehicle using sugar of milk as the vehicle.
IMPURITIES OF DRUG � Imperfect selection - Collectors fail to distinguish the correct species from allied ones � Imperfect preservation – Drugs get deteriorated when kept for long duration, exposed to sun’s ray’s, moisture, dust and micro organisms. � Imperfect preparation – Impurities occuring in the crude drug or due to byproducts which arise during the process of preparation. � Adulteration – It is the intentional admixture of foreign substances with drug.
CRUDE DRUG � The commercial forms of drugs taken from the vegetable, animal and mineral kingdoms as are brought to the market and utilised for the purpose of preparing medicines. � All such substances in the natural or dried state are termed as crude drugs. � Eg : - Barks, leaves, roots, oils, resins
NARCOTIC DRUGS � The drugs which produce abnormally deep sleep. They take away the sensibility in their primary action and increased sensibility in their secondary action.
NAMING OF DRUGS � Non – proprietary Name : - These are the names of homoeopathic medicines which are prepared by a registered homoeopathic medicine manufacturer which is not available in the market or trade. The official name is derived from official homoeopathic pharmacopoeias.
� Proprietary Name : - These are the names of registered medicines that are available in the open market or trade. Eg: - kof Aid, Arthroil, Arnica hair oil. They are patent drugs. Usually contains a mixture of drugs. � Pharmacopoeial Name: - The drugs which are named as specified in different homoeopathic pharmacopoeias – HPI, HPUS.
� Botanical Name : - Is applicable to drugs of vegetable origin. Is useful in cases when a particular drug is known by different names in different regions and by different languages. � Zoological Name : - Is applicable to drugs of animal origin. Is useful in cases when a particular animal is known by different names in different areas.
ABBREVIATIONS OF DRUG � In homoeopathy the scientific name of the drug is used in Latin form. � The abbreviation of a drug has two parts � Root: Is used to indicate where the drug name contain only one part. Eg: Op for Opium, Caust for Causticum. � Extension: Is used to indicate the second part of the drug. Eg: carb for carbonate, ind for indica, alba for alba.
MEDICINE � When a drug has been potentised homoeopathically � Proved on healthy human beings ◦ Both sexes, all ages and different constitutions ◦ Producing signs and symptoms during drug proving ◦ Recorded in stardard books of materia medica ◦ Symptoms collected by drug proving, observed to have cured by medicines during their administration to sick person, during poisonings on humans or animals or symptoms observed accidentally.
GENUINE MEDICINE � The medicine which posses all the active principles of the drug substance from which it has been prepared. � Capable of curing dynamic diseases. � Produce the same signs and symptoms by reproving on healthy human beings. � If the signs and symptoms corresponds to the previous records in materia medica.
GENUINE MEDICINE � The genuine medicine will definitely be able to cure the natural disease if administered on the basis of symptom similarity. � Genuine medicines are only the weapons to the hand of the physician. � The true physician must be provided with genuine medicine so that he may be able to rely upon their therapeutic powers to cure disease. He must make sure that the patient takes the genuine medicine. So he must give the patient the correctly chosen medicine prepared by himself.
REMEDY � When a particular medicine is prescribed for a particular diseased condition, according to symptom similarity and when the diseased condition is cured totally, the medicine is called the remedy of that particular case. � The indicated medicine is called remedy. � A medicine becomes a remedy when it satisfies symptom similarity and cures a natural disease.
�A remedy whose action lasts for a long period - Deep acting remedy. eg : - Lachesis, Nat mur, Calcarea carb � A remedy whose action lasts for a short period - Short acting remedy. Eg : - Acon, Bell, Ipecac � A remedy which act on multiple tissues and produces a wide range of symptoms - Polychrest remedy. Eg : - Ars alb, Bry alb, Bell
REMEDY RELATIONSHIP (Pharmacokinship ) COMPLEMENTARY � Complement = to add to anything in a way that improves it. � Are remedies which completes the cure that has been began by the medicine given during first prescription. When the first prescription fails to bring about complete cure the medicine is followed by a second medicine which completes the action of the former, when the first medicine is no longer acting and the selection of second medicine is purely symptomatic.
Case No 1 � When Pulsatilla is given as first prescription has been of great service in a given case and finally cures no more, the symptoms now point to Silicea which completes the action of Pulsatilla. Silicea is a complementary remedy to Pulsatilla. Case No 2 � Child is having repeated tendencies of cold. Acute condition was very well treated by Belladonna. When R/A of cold occured Bell failed to bring complete cure. Here Calc carb was given as complementary medicine to Bell. The child no longer suffers from R/A of cold.
Examples Of Complementary Medicines � Aconite and Sulphur � Ars alb and Thuja � Hepar sulph and Silicea � Colocynth and staphysagria � Bell and Calc carb � Puls and Silicea � Nux vom and Sepia � Bry alb and Alumina
Remedies in series � Complementary remedies which act favourably one after the another. So these medicines are given in a series or chain. They must be used in this order and not the opposite one. � Eg Acon – Spong – Hepar � Sulph – Calc – Lyco � Ign – Nat mur – Sepia � Puls – Sil – Flou acid
Antidote � Anti = against � Dotas = what is given � An agent which neutralise a poison or counteracts its effects. A medicine which modifies or opposes the effect of a remedy. Helps to control over-action of any remedy that has been administered previously. � Used in cases of medicinal aggravation. There will be production of new symptoms. � If the new symptoms that have appeared are in the pathogenesis of the remedy that is due to the partial proving of the remedy.
� If the new symptoms are not in the pathogenesis of the remedy, we have made a mistake in the first prescription and it has changed the direction of the disease. Here we must antidote the remedy. � After having given the antidotal remedy and a little time for the patient to rest, we should study the case again from the beginning. The second remedy should correspond more particularly to new symptoms than to the old, both the present and the former symptoms must be considered. If the second prescription is correct it will remove the old symptoms as well.
Hahnemann concept � Higher potency of the medicine which caused medicinal aggravation can be given as an antidote. � Nux 30 antidoted by Nux 1 M � Action of higher potency is more powerful than lower potency. So it overpowers the action of medicine given in lower potency. So the vital force restores its normal equilibrium.
Stuart Close � 3 classes of antidotes according to their mode of action. � A) Physiological – Antidotal substance will be pathogenetically similar to the poison. � B) Chemical – Acidic poison neutralised by alkali. � C) Machanical – Poison is removed by gastric lavage.
INIMICAL These are medicines which do not follow each other well. Drugs which are in relation of enemity among them. In practice it was found that their use immediately after the previous medicine produced complications in the smooth management of the case. Eg; Apis and RT , Caust and Phos Ign and Nux , Sep and Lach
CONCORDANT ( COGNATE ) � Drugs whose action are similar but are of dissimilar origin to another and they follow each other well. They work hand in hand. Can be given alternatively one after the other. � Eg: Puls and sepia � Bell and Merc � China and Calc
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP � Relation existing between drugs belonging to same family. Drugs exhibit somewhat similar action. � Eg: Bromium, Iodum, Chlorum showing characteristic features of the family. But they will not follow well.
FOOD � Is any substance eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body � It consists of plant or animal origin. � Contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral. � Is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth and maintain life.
FUNCTIONS OF FOOD � GROWTH: The living cells in our body multiply after getting nourishment from the food we eat. � REPAIR: Tissue damage caused by burns, wounds and wear and tear are repaired with the aid of food. � ENERGY: Energy for body activities are supplied by food. � PROTECTION FROM DISEASES: Healthy state of body is maintained.
FOOD POISONING � CAUSES � A}IMPROPER PROCESSING OF FOOD 1)Defective operation in freezing – milk contaminated by salmonella and staphylococcus. 2)Defective packing technique – Botulism from marine products 3)Food additives for preservation or enhancing flavour, colour or aroma. Aniline dye used to improve colour is carcinogenic. Cyclamen used as sweetening agent causes CA bladder.
� B}NATURAL TOXINS � Lathyrism- A crippling disease leading to paralysis of lower limbs due to excessive consumption of kesari dal. Toxin is a neurotoxin Beta Oxalyl. Amino Alanine ( BOAA) � Goitrogens – Cabbage, red skin of ground nut
� C}STORAGE CONTAMINATION � 1) Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus which grow in moist conditions on groundnut and coconut is hapatotoxic and carcinogenic. � 2) Ergotoxin, Ergotamine found in grains like millet, wheat produces cramps, gangrene and convulsions. � 3) Toxin produced by fungus Penicillium islandicum is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.
COSMETICS � Greek word – kosmetike = the art of dress and ornament. Any article intended to be rubbed, sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into, or otherwise applied to, the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, and includes any article for use as a component of cosmetic.
� Homoeopathic cosmetics are available in the form of soap, oils, creams, shampoo, tooth paste. To get complete relief for the cosmetic problems along with the external applications we have to administer internal medicine – THE CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE – which will correct the deranged vital force.
POISONS � Poison is a substance which may be liquid, solid or gas, which when administered in small quantity into the living body or brought into contact with any part of it, leads to injury to health or destruction of the life by its action. � Toxin is a poison that is produced naturally bt living cells or organisms that is active in very low concentrations. Toxins are peptides or proteins capable of producing diseases on contact or absorption with body tissues by interacting with enzymes. � Venoms are biological toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect.
ACTION OF POISON � LOCAL - Act only at the site of application that is skin and mucosa. � REMOTE – These act only after being absorbed into the circulatory system. � BOTH LOCAL AND REMOTE ACTION – Poison applied locally acts on the skin and mucous membrane and thereafter absorbed into the blood and affects vital organs.
FACTORS MODIFYING POISON ACTION � Route of administration – Intravenously ( rapid action), oral, hypodermically, intramuscularly, inhalation. � Age – Dosage required for children is usually half that of an adult. � Addiction – Taking small quantity of a drug or poison for long duration can lead to decreased poisonous effect. � Dose – Depending on dosage a poisonous substance could be either useful or harmful. Eg; Aspirin proper dose acts as analgesic and high dose acts fatally.
� PARACELSUS , FATHER OF TOXICOLOGY Wrote – “ All things are poison nothing is without poison , only the dose permits something not to be poisonous. The dose makes the poison.
� Health- Healthy individual can withstand a poison ingested for a longer duration than an individual unhealthy and debilitated. � Concentration of poison – Increased concentration produces more toxic effect. � Physical state of poison – Gaseous state more poisonous than liquid which is more poisonous than solid state.
CLASSIFICATION OF POISON � CORROSIVES – Substances which have corroding and destructive effect on human body. Eg; Mineral and organic acid – sulphuric acid, carbolic acid. � IRRITANTS – Poisons by their specific action set up inflammation of the GIT. Inorganic irritants: metals like lead, arsenic, mercury. Non metals like phosphorus, chlorine. Organic irritants: Vegetable origin – castor oil, calotropis. Animal origin – venom of snakes and poisonous insects.
� SYSTEMIC POISONS � CNS – Opium, Cocaine, Alcohols � CVS – Aconite, Nicotine, Oleanders � LUNGS – CO, Cyanogen gas � Spinal nerves – Strychnine, Gelsemium � DOMESTIC POISONS : Kerosine, Petrol, Disinfectants. � THERAPEUTIC SUBSTANCES : Paracetamol, Sedatives
Homoeopathic Utility � Poisons are used as curative agents in human beings. � Homoeopathic medicines are prepared from organic, inorganic, synthetic, vegetable, animal and snake poisons. � Homoeopathic medicines prepared from poisonous substances are made nonpoisonous by means of potentisation. � Medicines are given in high potency to get dynamic curative effect. Lower potencies are toxic.
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