Drug Treatment of Tuberculosis Dr Munir Gharaibeh MD
Drug Treatment of Tuberculosis Dr Munir Gharaibeh, MD, Ph. D, MHPE Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine December 2016
Drug Treatment of Tuberculosis There about 9 million new cases annually. TB killed 1. 7 million. people worldwide in 2006. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 2
Recommended Duration of Therapy 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 3
Antituberculous Agents Primary or First Line Drugs: Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin “Rifadin” or “Rimactane” Ethambutal Streptomycin Pyrazinamide 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 4
Isoniazid(INH) n Most active. n Small molecule, water soluble, n Structurally related to Pyridoxine. n Prodrug, activated by Kat. G, the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase, n Blocks mycolic acid synthesis, and consequently mycobacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to a bactericidal effect in growing TB cells. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 5
Isoniazid (INH) When used alone, resistance is 1 in 106. n A TB lesion usually contains more than 108 cells. n When used in combination, the probability of resistance will be 1 in n 10 6 * 10 6 =1012. Readily absorbed n Widely distributed, penetrates into macrophages. n Metabolized by acetylation: n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE – Slow and Fast Acetylators 6
Isoniazid(INH) Adverse Reactions: Hepatitis: in about 1% Anorexia, N, V, jaundice, pain, death. Depends on age, alcohol use, and pregnancy Neuropathy: 10 -20% More in slow acetylators, malnutrition, alcoholism, DM, AIDS, uremia. Due to pyridoxine deficiency. Neurotoxicity: Memory loss, Psychosis, Seizures. n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 7
Rifampin n Stretomyces miditerranei. Gram+ve and –ve n Mycobacteria, enterococci and chlamydia. n Binds to the beta subunit of bacterial DNA -dependant RNA polymerase and therefore inhibits RNA synthesis. n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 8
Rifampin Bactericidal n Well absorbed, highly bound to proteins. n Widely distributed. n Hepatic metabolism and exhibits enterohepatic recirculation. n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 9
Uses of Rifampin TB n Leprosy n Meningococcal Carrier State n Prophylaxis in H. influenzae. n Serious Staph osteomyelitis and valve endocarditis. n Was loosely used in the treatment of n Staph infections. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 10
Toxicity of Rifampin Imparts harmless orange color to secretions( tears, urine, sweat). n Nephritis n Rashes n Hepatitis n Flu-like syndrome n Liver Enzyme Inducer, so can lower serum levels of many drugs n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 11
Streptomycin Primary---Second-line------ Primary anti-tuberculus agent. n Plague, Tuleremia, Brucellosis. n Endocarditis. n Toxic: Allergy: Fever, Rashes Pain, after i. m injection. Vestibular toxicity---- Irreversible. Nephrotoxicity 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 12
Antituberculous Agents Secondary or Second Line Drugs: Ethionamide Capreomycin Cycloserine Para-Amino-Salicylic Acid (PAS) Amikacin Flouroquinolones Linezolid Rifabutin Rifapentine 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 13
Indications for Secondary or Second Line Drugs n n 1. Resistance to first –line drugs. 2. Failure of clinical response to conventional therapy. 3. Occurrence of serious treatment-limiting adverse drug reactions. 4. When expert guidance is available to deal with the toxic effects to second line drugs. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 14
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Ethionamide: Related to Isoniazid Blocks mycolic acid synthesis Oral, Good distribution Poorly tolerated: Severe GIT irritation Neurotoxic Hepatotoxic 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 15
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Capreomycin: Peptide protein synthesis inhibitor Injectable Nephrotoxic, ototoxic Local pain and sterile abscesses may occur. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 16
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Cycloserine: Inhibits cell wall synthesis. Peripheral neuropathy and CNS toxicity including depression and psychotic reactions. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 17
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Para-Amino-Salicylic Acid (PAS): Folate synthesis antagonist Well absorbed Dose 8 -12 gm/day Widely distributed, except CNS Excreted in urine. GI toxicity Hypersensitivity reactions Crystalluria 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 18
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Amikacin: Multidrug-resistant strains Atypical mycobacteria n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 19
Secondary or Second Line Drugs n Flouroquinolones: Are an important addition Resistance develops rapidly if used alone. 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 20
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Linezolid: Multidrug-resistant strains. Bone marrow suppression Irreversible peripheral and optic neuropathy. Drug of last resort 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 21
Secondary or Second Line Drugs Rifabutin Rifapentine Related to Rifampin. Inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase. Both, like Rifampin, are inducers for CYP P 450 enzymes. But Rifabutin is less potent inducer. Rifabutin is indicated in place of Rifampin in the treatment of TB in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e. g. efavirenz) 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 22
Atypical Mycobacteria (Nontuberculus Mycobacteria) 10% of clinical isolates. n Distinctive laboratory characteristics. n Present in the environment. n Not communicable from person to person. n Less susceptible to drugs. n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 23
Atypical Mycobacteria (Nontuberculus Mycobacteria) n M. tuberculosis complex: Erythromycin Sulphonamides Tetracycline n M. avium complex: Important and common cause of disseminated TB in late stages of AIDS. Azithromycin or Clarithromycin, plus Ethambutal, plus Ciprofloxacin 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 24
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Annually, 9 million cases are recorded. n 5% of these are multi drug-resistant tuberculosis. n Forty-nine percent of those with XDRTB died compared to 19 percent of patients with ordinary MDR-TB, n 9/25/2020 Munir Gharaibeh MD, Ph. D, MHPE 26
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