Drug Classification Drugs Narcotics Classifications Effects on human

Drug Classification • • Drugs Narcotics Classifications Effects on human systems

Narcotics Schedule I • Produce sleep and lethargy • Opium: derivative of poppy plant • Morphine: extracted from opium • Product of heroin metabolism

• English grow poppies for morphine and codeine

Morphine is a controlled substance used as a pain reducer/killer surgery- end of life-accident liquid-carried in glass ampules

Morphine was widely used in WW II, Korea and Vietnam for pain relief lightweight, easy to carry (? ) VERY effective

Numerous soldiers became addicted but not publicized Barney Ross/boxer Morphine continued use on Battlefield in Korea and Vietnam

heroin derived from morphine popular as a drug easily dissolved in water for injection ( highly soluble) ‘good’ for street sales

• heroin on street is higher % today compared with 1960’s -70 s 30 -40% then 60 -90% now • laced with quinine and /or starch, even Novocain

NARCAN • Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in the 1960 s. Brand name: Narcan • Drug class: Opioid antagonist

• “The severity of the opioid epidemic and the high number of overdoses that occur each year is the catalyst behind this effort; too many people are dying and we know that with treatment many of those deaths can be prevented. Last year alone, the police in Bergen County administered Narcan 180 times with 165 individuals revived and given another chance at life; sadly, 15 of those individuals that were administered Narcan did not survive. ” • E. Elias, Children’s Aid and Family Services •

Codeine- another derivative of opium preparation more involved Synthetic- not a naturally occurring derivative cough suppressant controlled substance

• Desomorphine: dihydrodesoxymorphine brand name Permonid street name krokodil (krokodile) : derivative of morphine Often codeine- based powerful, fast-acting opioid effects; as sedation and analgesia

Cooked ingredients vary

• Used in Russia and Switzerland for severe pain • 1981 use terminated • ‘cooking’ of drug since • Siberia, Russia outbreaks

Tissue Degeneration

OPIATES Non-opium derivatives Similar physiological effects of opium and its derivatives

Opiate Addiction/ Heroin Addiction? • Rx due to injury or surgery • Behaviors seek satisfaction from opiate • Opiates expensive on street $20 -30 a pill • Heroin cheaper- $10/hit

Oxy. Contin Percosset, Hydrocodone used for pain management Methadone- used as treatment for heroin addicts • heroin need diminished • minimal side effects with the methadone

Hallucinogens Marijuana- Cannabis sativa Hashish is the resin produced by plant

Hemp- plant used to produce natural rope materials History to Chinese in 2000’s BC

Napoleon credited /blamed for bringing marijuana to the west. Central, South Americas have moderate temperatures and climate, with much rain, favorable for the growth of marijuana- smuggling!

Dicot- 5 -9 leaves, branching veins on leaves Produces seeds, flower, stem , leaves all used in preparation of drugs

Chemical in Cannibis • THC= tetrahydrocannabinol • isolated in 1964 • THC also sold illegally as hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form

• Resin has highest concentration of THC - hashish- stronger effects than leaves, stem, etc. • Hashish oil highest concentration

• Read National Report: p. 243 • Legal uses today- relieves pressure associated with glaucoma • -relieves nausea for patients on chemo

Marijuana Dispensary • Montclair, NJ • 1 st dispensary since law changed 2012 for medical marijuana.

Mycology • Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews slime molds, yeasts • Fungi: Kingdom • fungi organisms, • No ‘J’ sound but G (guh)

Lysergic acid diethylmide. LSD- synthesized from ergot fungus Salem witch trials

Hallucinogens • Hallucinogenic mushrooms, fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony • Gut contents examined reveal fungi Some laws do not keep up with hallucinogenic mushrooms found • Stopharia aeruginos not illegal • Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal Some mushrooms not known or have no regulation/legality

• Long lasting effects • Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust effects: • detachment- strength- inhibitions gone • Violence, depression suicide possible

Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and psilocybin (fungus) AKA mushrooms methylenedioxymethamphetamine = ecstasy

Depressants • Alcohol(not a true drug- a chemical) • Barbituates-produce sleep • suppress CNS

Barbituates Source- barbituric acid Yellow jackets, blue devils and reds are slang for barbitol drugs pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc

Tranquilizers • Depressants but do not induce sleep nor do they directly depress CNS

• Valium and Librium are commonly prescribed tranquilizers

Inhalants • Volatile substances, usually solvents that are CNS depressants • Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl ketone, gasoline, white-out! • Liver, lungs & heart may suffer from chemicals inhaled.

Amphetamines • • Stimulants of CNS Speed Stimulation then depression Increased heart rate Can effect heart muschle hyperactivity euphoria

Amphetamines A false sense of energy • Injection common but also taken in pill form • Benzedrine, hexadine • Ice= solidified form of methamphetamine smoked • long hours of effects

Cocaine • In a chemical class by itself • From Erythroxylon coca- plant originally grown in Andes Mt. • South America & Southern Asia http: //www. whitehousedrugpolicy. gov/pdf/street_terms. pdf

Cocaine around long time • Freud used cocaine • Wrote of euphoric sensation • Pain killer or anesthetic used in past for medicinal purposes- no longer • Euphoria, energy, alertness • Low appetite (weight loss)

• Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed through mucus membranes in sinus • Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base) or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to blood stream) • Death possible- heart failure

Cocaine noses

Club Drugs Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Aka; MDMA Patented as appetite suppressant Rohpynol AKARoofies CNS depressant GHB and Molly gamma hydroxybutyrate CNS depressant

Club Drugs + -OH • If combined with alcohol • intense depressant combination • Roofies; date rape drug • These two usually in concert

Steroids • Anabolic- similar to testosterone • Androgenic effects- male • Enhanced strength- promotes muscular development • Liver problems, thyroid • and kidney difficulties • 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous substances • Now on schedule III

Schedules II-V? which drugs? In paper textbook…read Laws- See online text! • Controlled Substances Act in 1970 • Schedules 1 -5 - based on potential for abuse, dependence and medical value. • Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana • II: barbs and amphetamines • III: steroids, codeine • IV: valium, librium • V: non-narcotic medicines

• Schedule I and II offenses; up to 20 yrs • Schedules III – V offenses up to 5 yrs. • Laws in each state are mirrored but not exact. • Have changed. • Laws regarding possession are also changing. Imprisonment or rehab? • Legislative discussions in NJ and other states

Drug Tests Daubert accepted • Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl • Barbituates: Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue • Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange brown for amphetamines • Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC, purple again! • Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple • Reagents used are HCl, chloroform ionization potential is great

• Crystalline tests useful tool • Identify the crystalline geometry of a particular drug using the same reagents under the microscope • Small quantities? • P. 257 in paper text heroin under scope, b image with mercuric iodine most useful • Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry can identify substance

• Drug ID in crime labs • Drug ID with chromatography and mass spectrometry from urine, blood and other tissues noted in toxicology ppt.

Reading to do… • • Tests for drugs used today Daubert accepted Do review questions Read online text for drug classification and drug testing information