Drug administration Define of drug A drug is

Drug administration Define of drug : A drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to enhance physical or mental well-being

Drug Administration Routes 1 -Oral route , tablets(tab. ), Capsule (cap. ), syrups(syr. ), Drops (dr. ). 2 - Parenteral route (injection ). 3. Pulmonary epithelium. 4 –Mucosa. 5 - External route. 6 - Other rare route

1. Oral route Advantages: Ø • Convenient (storage, portability, pre-measured dose). Ø • economical. Ø • non-invasive, often safer route. Ø • requires no special training.

Disadvantages: v Drug delivery is often erratic and incomplete. v Highly dependent upon patient compliance. v Increased sources of drug-drug and drug-nutrient intxns. v Many drugs degrade in GI environment. v Exposes drugs to first-pass effect.

Contra-indication of oral route 1 -Gastric diseases. 2 - Difficult swallowing. 3 - Unconscious pt. 4 - If there is nausea or vomiting. 5 -Some drugs not used in empty stomach.

2 - PARENTERAL {I. M, I. V. , S. c, I. D, } Advantages: q less skill necessary for administration. q No damage for drug. q Rapid absorption. q Disadvantages: q painful. q Infection. q Air embolism.

A- I. m = Intramuscular put the needle in 90 o The disadvantage is the irritable drugs can't be given. B- I. V= Intravenous Irritable drug can be given because it will be diluted directly by blood , the angle is 45 o.

C- S. c = Subcutaneous. The angle is 45 o. Advantages: v Prompt absorption from aqueous solns. v Little training necessary. v Avoid harsh GI tract environment. v Can be used for suspensions. Disadvantages: v Cannot be used for large volumes. v Potential pain and tissue damage. v Variability in absorption from various sites. D- I. D =Intradermal The angle is 15 o

3 -Pulmonary epithelium Advantages • Fastest method, 7– 10 seconds for the drug to reach the brain. • User can titrate (regulate the amount of drug they are receiving) Disadvantages • Drugs taken by inhalation do not stay in the bloodstream for as long. • Difficulties in regulating the exact amount of dosage. • Patient having difficulties administering a drug via inhaler. A –Inhaler as Ventolin inhaler , Intal inhaler in asthma. B-Nebulizer. C- O 2 therapy.

4 - Through mucous membrane a-Sublingual ------- Angesid b- Rectal -----Suppositories. c- Vaginal ---- =. d- Local drops and ointment (. eye, ear and nasal). 5 - External use 1 -Skin ointment and cream. 2 - Tinctures. 3 - Disinfection.

6 - Other route 1 - Intra articular. 2 - Intra spinal. 3 - Intra pleural. 4 - Intra peritoneal. 5 - Intra cardiac.

Cold &hot Compress Cold Therapy- Also known as Cryotherapy- Ice should be applied for the first 3 days following any type of acute injury such as a knee sprain, post-surgery, or any type of swelling. Ice works to reduce inflammation around the area of injury. An ice pack can also work to numb the area of pain, creating an analgesic effect. Heat Therapy- Also known as moist heat- Heat should be used for chronic conditions such as muscle discomfort, stiffness. Applying heat to an area effectively opens up the blood vessels allowing blood to flow freely to the affected area. This increases circulation, delivering an increased supply of oxygen and nutrients and removing waste from sore, fatigued and injured muscles. Using a Hot Pack can be especially useful on a muscle spasm.

Prescription It is a paper which contain the important information for drug use , which contain : 1 - Name. 2 - Age. 3 - Date. 4 - Diagnosis. 5 - Treatment. ( R/), included a- Name of drug. b-preparation ( Inj. Tab. , Cap. , syr. ). c- Dose of drug. e- Frequency (, 4. h , Tid, Bid. 9. h ) f. Time of intake ( before meal , after meal , at morning ).

Effect of drug 1 -Local effect ( cream , ointment , drops ). 2 - Systemic effect ( inj, tab. , Cap. , syr. ). Purpose of drug intake 1 - For cure , such as antibiotic ( Ampicillin , Tetracycline , Cephalexin). 2 -Prevention (prophylaxis ) Vaccination. 3 -Symptomatic , R/ , Fever &Headache by Paracetamol. 4 - For diagnosis , Tuberculin test for diagnosis of ( T. B ).