Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Human Drives Instinct

Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Human Drives Instinct >>Evo. We are here Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Measures Sources Motivation & Emotion Effects Explain complex motives (eating, achievement and sex) Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon. Bard Stress/Health Opponent Process Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Coping

Hunger Physiological Psychological

REVIEW QUESTION The system that controls voluntary muscle movement is : a. Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. Autonomic Nervous System d. Somatic Nervous System e. Both A and C ANSWER: D

REVIEW QUESTION Drive reduction theory focuses on the need to maintain homeostasis. Which of theses is not an example of homeostasis? a. Regulation of glucose b. Maintaining body temp c. Push and Pull of incentives d. Both A and B e. All of the above ANSWER: C

REVIEW QUESTION Which of the following correct pathway of light rays in the eye? a. Cornea-lens-pupil-optic nerve-fovea b. Retina-lens-cornea-optic nerve c. Lens-pupil-optic nerve-retina d. Cornea-pupil-lens-retina-optic nerve e. Pupil-retina-lens-fovea-optic nerve ANSWER: D

REVIEW QUESTION The rules for combining words into Sensible sentences in language are: a. morphemes b. phonemes c. syntax d. semantics e. denotation ANSWER: C

What Is Hunger? • Hunger is the general state of wanting to eat. • Satiety is the general state of no longer wanting to eat.

• Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. • But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

The appetite hormones ? Insulin: Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose ? Leptin: Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. ? Orexlin: Hungertriggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus. ? Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain. ? PPY: Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.

The Brain In the 1960’s it was discovered that hunger comes from………. . The Hypothalamus

Glucose & the Brain Ventromedial Hypothalamus Rat Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus • When stimulated it makes you hungry. • When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus • When stimulated you feel full. • When lesioned you will never feel full again.

• 400% wt increase!!

Hypothalamus 2 Sections 2 Theories Leptin Lat. Ventro. Set. Point

How does the hypothalamus work? 1. Leptin Theory • Leptin is a protein produced by bloated fat cells. • Hypothalamus senses rises in Leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. • Can Leptin injections help me?

2. Set-Point Theory • According to the set-point theory, there is a control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry – a kind of thermostat for body fat. • According to this theory, body fat percentage and bodyweight are matters of internal controls.

Set Point Theory • Set point could be related to genetic disposition • Set point could be related to chronic feeding in infancy • NOT ALL PSYCHOLOGISTS believe in set point theory…

How to change the set point • Dieting does nothing (by dieting, I mean calorie-cutting) • Long-term caloric deprivation, in a way that is not clear, acts as a signal for the body to turn down its metabolic rate. • A plateau is reached at which further weight loss seems all but impossible.

How to change the set point • So far no one knows for sure how to change the set point, but some theories exist. – regular exercise is the most promising as a sustained increase in physical activity seems to lower the setting (doesn’t just resist it like dieting does)

The Psychology of Hunger • Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses (increased insulin production) • Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rodin et al. , 1998). • Emotional Cravings • Culture • Conditioning (Taste Aversions)

Taste Preferences Food tastes better and we chew less when we are hungry (beginning of a meal). Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal). Its weird, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths.

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! Victor Englebert Richard Olsenius/ Black Star

Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

Culture and Taste

Hunger Physiological Psychological