DRAWINGS A Graphical Representation The Fact about If

DRAWINGS: ( A Graphical Representation) The Fact about: If compared with Verbal or Written Description, Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time. Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

Drawings (Some Types) Botanical Drawings ( plants, flowers etc. ) Nature Drawings ( landscape, Geographical scenery etc. ) Drawings ( maps etc. ) Building Related Drawings. Orthographic Projections (Fv, Tv & Sv. -Mech. Engg terms) (Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg. terms) (Working Drawings 2 -D type) Portraits ( human faces, expressions etc. ) Zoological Drawings (creatures, animals etc. ) Engineering Drawings, (projections. ) Machine component Drawings Isometric ( Mech. Engg. Term. ) or Perspective(Civil Engg. Term) (Actual Object Drawing 3 -D)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS: IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE Different Reference planes are Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP ) Side Or Profile Plane ( PP) And Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV) FV is a view projected on VP. TV is a view projected on HP. SV is a view projected on PP. IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS: 1 Planes. 2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views 3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

PLANES 1 PRINCIPAL PLANES HP AND VP AUXILIARY PLANES Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A. V. P. ) Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A. I. P. ) A. I A. V. P. to Hp & to Vp t o. V p t & o. H p . P. Profile Plane ( P. P. )

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method) 2 THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES. ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT. BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN. THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN. PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM: - Y TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION, A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION. THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP. X Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is safe for your pc. PP VP Y FV LSV Y X X TV HP 900 HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections Third Angle Projections Method Here views are drawn by placing object First Angle Projections Method Here views are drawn by placing object in 3 rd Quadrant. in 1 st Quadrant ( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) ( SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION OF BOTH METHODS WITH AN OBJECT STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) ON IT’S BASE. FV X TV Y Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y ) TV NOTE: HP term is used in Angle method & For the same Ground term is used in 3 rd Angle method of projections X 1 st Y FV G L

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION FOR T. V. IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT MEANS ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP. OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE. PP VP FV LSV . Y X TV HP ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS F OR S. V FO R F. V .

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION FOR T. V. IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. ) PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT. TV X Y LSV FV ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS F OR S. V . FO R F. V .

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS { MACHINE ELEMENTS } OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS. THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES. AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES. THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW. FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP ) TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP ) SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP ) FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1 ST AND 3 RD ANGLE PROJECTION METHODS AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY. TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION FOR T. V. IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT MEANS ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP. OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE. PP VP FV LSV . Y X TV HP ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS F OR S. V FO R F. V .

FOR T. V. THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. ) PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT. TV X Y LSV FV ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS . R O F S. V FO R F. V .

FOR T. V. 1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW FO OR . S. V R L. H. SIDE VIEW F. V . F x PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD y TOP VIEW

FOR T. V. 2 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW . F OR S. V X FO R Y F. V. TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW

FOR T. V. 3 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW R FO . S. V FO R F. V . X Y TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW

4 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW . R FO S. V X FO R Y F. V . TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW

FOR T. V. 5 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS R FO S. V FRONT VIEW . FO PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD R F. V X. L. H. SIDE VIEW Y TOP VIEW

6 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW . F OR S. V X FO R L. H. SIDE VIEW Y F. V . TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

7 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW FO R . R FO S. V L. H. SIDE VIEW F. V. X PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Y TOP VIEW

STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS 8 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW 50 X Y 20 25 FO R F. V. 25 20 TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

9 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW X R FO . S. V FO R Y F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FOR T. V. FRONT VIEW X L. H. SIDE VIEW Y . . V S R FO V. F. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 10 TOP VIEW

FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW FO R F. V X. R S. V TOP VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW Y . FO 11

12 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW X R FO . S. V FO R Y F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD L. H. SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

13 STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 35 FV 35 10 x 20 10 FO R 40 F. V . O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 70 TV 30 y

STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS R FO 14 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FV 30 10 30 SV 30 10 30 x . S. V FO R y F. V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD TV ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

OR 15 STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FOR T. V. ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV y x 10 . V. S FO R F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 40 40 60 60 TV

FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16 ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV y x 10 . OR F S. V FO R F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 40 40 60 60 TOP VIEW

17 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW 40 L. H. SIDE VIEW 30 SQUARE 20 50 R FO FO . S. V R F. V X. 20 10 O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Y 30 F. V. 60 S. V.

FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 18 FV 40 X O 10 Y 45 30 D FO R O 10 50 80 TV F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

19 FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 40 FV O X 10 Y 100 10 25 TV 10 30 R 20 D 30 10 25 FO R O F. V . PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 30 FOR T. V. FV RECT. SLOT 10 50 35 10 X 20 D FO R F. V. TV 60 D 30 D TOP VIEW O Y 20

21 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 10 25 15 25 40 10 25 R FO FO . S. V R O F. V 25 . O 80 F. V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 25 S. V.

FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 450 30 FV 40 X Y FO 30 D R F. V. TV 40 O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 40 15 22

23 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FO R HEX PART F. V . 20 . F OR 30 20 S. V 40 O 20 50 20 15 O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 30 60 100 FRONT VIEW L. H. SIDE VIEW

FOR T. V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24 40 20 FRONT VIEW F. V. 30 10 X Y O 10 30 FO R F. V. 10 30 O PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 80 T. V. TOP VIEW

25 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 10 10 15 25 25 X Y O 50 FV 10 . LSV OR F S. V FO PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD R F. V .

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 26 FO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS R F. V . 30 10 20 20 15 10 R FO S. V. 15 O 30 15 X 15 Y 50 F. V. LEFT S. V.