DRAFTING THE PAPER RESEARCH PAPER WRITING What makes

DRAFTING THE PAPER RESEARCH PAPER WRITING

What makes up the content Paraphrase Direct Quotation Draftin g the paper Your own input Summary

PARAPHRASING � Accdg. To Sternglass (1991, p. 298), the paraphrase is the “retelling of information from a source in the note-taker’s own words. ” � Larkin (1985, p. 85) when paraphrasing “the writer should be careful to change the original language into his/ her own language. ” � Spatt (1987, p. 93) believes that a paraphrase is the “point-by-point recapitulation of another person’s ideas, expressed in your own words. ” � To paraphrase means to express in one’s own language the ideas presented in the original text.

Reasons for paraphrasing � Theoretically, Spatt (1987, p. 94) believes that a paraphrase is used “to give readers an accurate and comprehensive account of ideas taken from another source. ” � “Reword information presented in complex style into more and simple direct language” (Sternglass, 1991, p. 298) � Practically, a research paper cannot be made up of pure direct quotations. � Paraphrasing becomes a necessary skill in integrating the researched pieces of information into one coherent whole. � Such wholeness of the paper is dependent also on the

1. 2. Paraphrase texts which are not for direct quoting. Paraphrase to achieve a consistent style and tone in your paper. Tips on paraphrasing

Traditional Paraphrasing Steps in traditional paraphrasing 1. Read the original text closely. 2. Literally, paraphrase the difficult terms. If there is none, proceed to structural paraphrasing. 3. Set aside the original text. Restate the ideas contained in your own literal/ structural paraphrase, drawing from your own vocabulary reservoir and writing style. 4. Compare your output in number 3 with the original text. Have you retained the same ideas? Make sure that you did not add to or delete from the original ideas. 5. Cite properly the source of paraphrased information.

Original Text “Television has been criticized for inducing passivity in the young viewer, distracting him from reading books, developing in him an inordinate desire for violence and artificial excitement, promoting commercialism and sexism, making it easy for parents to neglect their children by using the television set as an ‘electronic babysitter’ taking up too much of the viewer’s time”. (Torre, 1991, p. 32)

Literal Paraphrase According to Torre (1991) the television is used as an electronic babysitter as it takes up the time of the viewer. He also adds that the boob tube has been taunted because it makes the young viewer passive; it also distracts him from reading books and makes him violent. He also claims that artificial excitement, commercialism, and sexism are also the negative effects of the television.

Free Paraphrase Critics have pointed out that television has assumed the role of a babysitter for the young viewer who, instead of reading books, has turned to the boob tube for excitement and has fallen prey to the commercialism, passivity and violene it brings. The unsuspecting parents have utilized the television set as their children’s constant companion.

Citing the source of the paraphrased information Original version Paraphrased Version One faces greater chance of getting cancer if she or he has family history of cancer (Plata, 1999). � Genetic factors and lifestyles determine cancer risks (Plata, 1999).

Alternative paraphrasing Original Text: “Meditation pervades the entire body like the flow of mercury. You feel the energy rising upward, or sometimes going downward. You have to keep up your practice. Then, whatever work you are doing, meditation permeates. ” (Payong, 1991, p. 11) � To what is meditation likened? Why? � How does meditation work in one’s body? � How can meditation be integrated in one’s system? � Flow of mercurymeditation � Pushes up or down level � Constant practice; becomes a natural part of the system

Alternative paraphrasing Original Text: “Meditation pervades the entire body like the flow of mercury. You feel the energy rising upward, or sometimes going downward. You have to keep up your practice. Then, whatever work you are doing, meditation permeates. ” (Payong, 1991, p. 11) When one meditates, one experiences an energy flow like that of mercury pushing up or down one’s energy level and affecting the whole body. Through constant practice, meditation becomes a natural part of one’s system. (Payong, 1991, p. 11)

Exercise: Extract notes from the original text and paraphrase using the guide questions. “Vitamin A appears to reduce development of breast cancer. It has substances that have the ability to inhibit growth of potentially cancerous cells. It is one of the most powerful regulators of cell growth. ” (Klinger, 1993, p. HC 7)

Summarizing �A summary is the condensed version of the original text. It should be brief, concise, and complete. � It must not include your own opinion. � In the context of your own research paper, you can summarize a whole article or condense selected parts to achieve your purpose.

OTHERS �APA CITATION FORMAT �DIRECT QUOTATIONS �PLAGIARISM �OTHER REFERENCES

EXERCISE: Write the following excerpts from texts as direct quotations. Include the appropriate marks and introductory verb in the citation following any of the format previously discussed. 1. 2. 3. Listening is more than receiving. Source: Sleigh, 1988, p. 16 A life of a total dedication to truth also means a life of willingness to be personally challenged. Source: Peck, 1990, p. 54 Our personality is as characteristic as the clothes we wear, the manners we adopt, and the activities we pursue. Source: Dudley, 1996, p. 15