Dr Sliwinski GISHKBU SECURITY STUDIES V CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Dr Sliwinski GIS/HKBU SECURITY STUDIES V. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE AND NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

LEARNING OTCOMES The international arms trade The channels for arms trade Post-Cold War developments ‘Dual-use’ Nuclear Proliferation The issues Non-proliferation regime The challenges and approaches Counter proliferation

THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE Substantial Change in the dynamics in global arms trade from the Cold War to the War on Terror Channels for arms trade Trade in major systems Trade in small arms Trade in ‘dual-use’ items

THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE The expansion in arms trade in the 70 s and 80 s Tools of warfare 2 factors: Promoting US interests (Nixon Doctrine) The rise in oil prices The Carter Initiative Reagan and is administration (Iran/Contra scandal)

THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE Post-Cold War developments Cliton’s administration an the role of the ‘Economics’ Iraq case After 9/11 (GWOT) Global War on Terror and lifting of the human rights and proliferation restrictions of the Bush administration Trade in SALW – small arms and light weapons Report of the Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms – UN General Assembly 1997 Small Arms: revolvers – light machine guns Light Weapons: Heavy machine guns - mortars of less than 100 mm caliber http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arms_industry

THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE ‘Dual-use’ Terrorist organizations concern A. Q. Khan – father of Pakistani nuclear bomb International Atomic Energy Agency http: //www. iaea. org/ Iran’s case: http: //www. bbc. com/news/world-middle-east-33518524 Arms transfers and conflicts worldwide SALW Global Arms Trade Treaty UN: http: //www. un. org/disarmament/ATT/ International Committee of the Red Cross

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Nuclear weapons - principal guarantors of international peace and security NPT – the 1968 Non-proliferation Treaty and its effectiveness The issues Nuclear weapons as a special category within WMD Vertical and horizontal proliferation NPT package

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Non-proliferation regime PTBT – Partial Test Ban Treaty, CTBT – Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty TREATY ON THE NONPROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS: https: //www. un. org/disarmamen t/wmd/nuclear/npt/ FMCT – Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty SALT I and SALT II – Strategic Talks Limitation Treaty AMB – Antiballistic Missile Treaty START I, II, and III – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty INF – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty https: //www. un. org/disarmamen t/wmd/nuclear/npt/text SORT – Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty NSG – Nuclear Suppliers Group MTCR – Missile Technology Control Regime IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency NWFZs – Nuclear Free Zones

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION The challenges and approaches Challenges: States within the existing regime States outside the existing regime Non-state actors

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION The challenges and approaches Approaches: Multilateral institutional approach Non-treaty base multilateral approaches Ad hoc, non-institutional, non-conventional approaches Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) http: //www. armscontrol. org/factsheets/PSI

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Counter proliferation National Counter proliferation Centre (Office of the Director of National Intelligence) http: //www. dni. gov/index. php/about/organization/ national-counterproliferation-center-who-we-are

https: //www. amnesty. org/en/latest/news/2014/12/global-arms-trade-treatyenters-force/ (Q&A: Global Arms Trade Treaty enters into force – Amnesty International) http: //www. globalissues. org/article/80/a-code-of-conduct-for-arms-sales (A Code of Conduct for Arms Sales)

http: //www. un. org/disarmament/ATT/ THE ARMS TRADE TREATY http: //www. state. gov/t/isn/c 18406. htm The Global Initiative To Combat Nuclear Terrorism http: //www. state. gov/t/isn/c 18879. htm (US Department of State – Diplomacy in Action)

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