Dr Mustapha KaraAli International Islamic University Malaysia CONSTRUCTIVISM

Topics � Programs in Astronomy: Realism, Instrumentalism and Constructivism � Constructivism and the Philosophy

Qushji Compounder Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the scientific revolution,

`Urdi Solution to the Equant (1. 5/20) Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the

`Urdi Solution (7: 20) Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the

Qushji’s Solution to the Equant Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of

Slides: 10

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Dr Mustapha Kara-Ali International Islamic University Malaysia “CONSTRUCTIVISM ACROSS ISLAMOEUROPEAN BOUNDARIES IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY: THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSMISSION OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF QUSHJI’S ASTRONOMICAL MODELS

Topics � Programs in Astronomy: Realism, Instrumentalism and Constructivism � Constructivism and the Philosophy of Mathematics � Ptolemy’s “Fixed” Equant: A Challenge for Realism � The Qushji Compounder as a Solution to the Equant Problem � The Philosophy of a Qushji Compounder � The Dynamic Construction of the Ellipse � Qushji’s Astronomical Models � Conclusion: Philosophic Transmission and the Copernican Revolution

Qushji Compounder Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the scientific revolution, Ph. D Dissertation, IIUM, 2014.

Qushji’s Equant Model

`Urdi Solution to the Equant (Upper)

`Urdi Solution to the Equant (1. 5/20) Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the scientific revolution, Ph. D Dissertation, IIUM, 2014.

`Urdi Solution (7: 20) Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the scientific revolution, Ph. D Dissertation, IIUM, 2014.

Qushji’s Solution to the Equant

Qushji’s Solution to the Equant Refer to M. Kara-Ali, Constructivism at the birth of the scientific revolution, Ph. D Dissertation, IIUM, 2014.

Qushji’s Proof: Eccentric Model (lower)