Dr Karl Peter Schn Federal Institute for Research

Dr. Karl Peter Schön Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial

The ‚classical‘ geographical approach: > Preselect administrative units NUTS ? with „urban“ characteristics >

Start from (global) functions rather than territorial units: > modern societies are organised in

Instead of asking: > „Where in Europe are the most significant concentrations of population

Index of metropolitan functions 5 functional areas > Politics, Economy, Science, Transport, Culture 16

© BBR Bonn 2003 Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile

Requirements for the indicators © BBR Bonn 2003 All 38 indicators meet the following

LAU-2 locations with metropolitan function © BBR Bonn 2003 About 120. 000 LAU-2 units

Out of 120. 000 LAU-2 units > 8. 480 (=7%) have any metropolitan function

Concentration of metropolitan functions © BBR Bonn 2003 MFI index points per 1 Mio

Regionalisation by density functions © BBR Bonn 2003 Metropolitan regions are constructed through GIS

Some characteristics © BBR Bonn 2003 These resulting 125 metropolitan regions > Account for

Next steps © BBR Bonn 2003 Analyse NUTS 3 – MR overlays Estimate statistical

© BBR Bonn 2003 http: //www. bbsr. bund. de/cln_032/nn_147528/BBSR/EN/Publications/Online. Publications/2011/ON 012011. html Dr. Karl

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Dr. Karl Peter Schön Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) -----------------------------------------------Brussels 22. September 2011 Quelles perspectives pour les métropoles en Europe? IAU Ile de France Europe Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011 © BBR Bonn 2003 Metropolitan Regions in Europe

The ‚classical‘ geographical approach: > Preselect administrative units NUTS ? with „urban“ characteristics > based on population size, density, or other Does pop matter? morphological indicators > identify larger regional units (commuting areas, cont. build-up areas), Comparable data? > Then add indicators for metropolitan, international, global importance > And analyse to which degree urban areas are „metropolitan“, i. e. involved in global processes Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011 © BBR Bonn 2003 How to identify metropolitan regions

Start from (global) functions rather than territorial units: > modern societies are organised in subsystems which are based on functional specialisation > five important subsystems are: politics, economy, science, transport, culture > All these subsystems are globalizing, following their own specific (spatial) patterns. > Where are global functions located? Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011 © BBR Bonn 2003 Alternative approach

Instead of asking: > „Where in Europe are the most significant concentrations of population („urban areas“) and what „metropolitan“ characteristics do these areas have? “ we asked: > „Where in Europe are the most significant concentrations of metropolitan functions and how do they constitute a European pattern of „metropolitan areas“? “ Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011 © BBR Bonn 2003 Reversed approach

Index of metropolitan functions 5 functional areas > Politics, Economy, Science, Transport, Culture 16 group of indicators 38 indicators © BBR Bonn 2003 The 38 normalised indicators are additively combined to 16 groups of indicators, these to an index for each functional area, these again combined to a summary index of metropolitan function Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

Requirements for the indicators © BBR Bonn 2003 All 38 indicators meet the following requirements: > Cover the whole European territory (Co. E) > Standard definition for all countries > Reliable unofficial statistical data > Exact geocoding of all data (LAU-2 or exact coordinates) Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

LAU-2 locations with metropolitan function © BBR Bonn 2003 About 120. 000 LAU-2 units all across Europe form the territorial reference of the analysis On a single indicator base, 8. 480 units have any metropolitan function (= 7 %) Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

Out of 120. 000 LAU-2 units > 8. 480 (=7%) have any metropolitan function > The top 480 (MFI > 1) represent 78% of all MF > The top 184 (MFI > 3) represent 63% of all MF On a country base: > Germany = 16% > UK =12% > France = 10% > Italy = 8% > Spain = 6% > These 5 together: 52% … and the Pentagon: ~ 50% Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011 © BBR Bonn 2003 Concentration of metropolitan functions

Concentration of metropolitan functions © BBR Bonn 2003 MFI index points per 1 Mio population: > Luxembourg = 55 > Switzerland =17 > Sweden = 14 > Belgium = 12 > Norway = 12 > Denmark, Austria, Netherlands = 10 (each) Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

Regionalisation by density functions © BBR Bonn 2003 Metropolitan regions are constructed through GIS methods using density functions and travel time isochrones Based on 60 minutes travel time by car 125 metropolitan regions can be identified. Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

Some characteristics © BBR Bonn 2003 These resulting 125 metropolitan regions > Account for 10% of the total area > Concentrate 50% of Europe‘s population (=350 mio inh. ) > And 65% of Europe‘s GDP (=8. 500 bn €) > And 80% of all metropolitan functions Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

Next steps © BBR Bonn 2003 Analyse NUTS 3 – MR overlays Estimate statistical data for MR units Analyse structures and trends of socioeconomic characteristics for metropolitan regions Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011

© BBR Bonn 2003 http: //www. bbsr. bund. de/cln_032/nn_147528/BBSR/EN/Publications/Online. Publications/2011/ON 012011. html Dr. Karl Peter Schön Metropolitan regions in Europe, IAU Ile de France Europe, Brussels 22. September 2011