Dr James M MartinHayden Exploring Our Wonderful World

Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden • Exploring Our Wonderful World – Learning the materials that comprise our planet (and others) – Investigating the processes that transform these earth materials and the environments of change – Discovering how to read the earth and the history stored in the rocks Associate Professor (419) 530 -2634 Jhayden@UTnet. UToledo. edu

Introduction A. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden www. EEEScience. UToledo. edu/Faculty/Hayden/Default. htm • Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and contamination (Environmental Geology) Vapor Leaking Gasoline Contaminated Water Underground Well Storage Tank Water Table Floating Gasoline Dissolved Gasoline Groundwater Flow Aquifer of sedimentary rock • Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Openings Region

Introduction • Text: Essentials of Geology by Wicander and Monroe, 4 th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006. • Course Website – Syllabus – Homework Posting – Other Web Links www. EEEScience. UToledo. edu /Faculty/Hayden/Courses/Phys. Geol/ Physical. Geology. Home. JMH. htm

World of Geology is all around us. • • 1. Geological Resources 2. “The Environment” Environmental 3. Geological Hazards Geology 4. Planetary Geology 5. Engineering 6. Landforms and Surface Processes 7. Artistic Inspiration Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations

The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region Tigris River, Iraq http: //encarta. msn. com/

World of Geology Geological Resources – The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent) – Development limited by availability, e. g. , soil, water, energy – Conflicts based on resources, e. g. , water, minerals, oil, energy… http: //encarta. msn. com/

Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction

Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction • Water resources: Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater

Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: e. g. , Metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction • Water resources: e. g. , Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater • Energy: e. g. , Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (Earth’s heat)

Geologic Resources • The Geologist’s Job – Locating and Characterizing quantity and quality of geologic resources – Extracting geologic resources efficiently – Assessing environmental effects of extraction and use

E. g. , Misuse of Resources

Misuse of Resources Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan See Page 6 Aral Sea Over Time 1980 2005 1957 1977 1982 1984 1993 2000 www. grida. no/aralsea/english/arsea. htm

Overuse of Geologic Resources (Geology in the News) • 1. 7 billion are joining the “consumer class” and the environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004) • Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are accelerating global warming. (IGPCC, 2007) • Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)

Environmental Geology – Environmental Sciences: How we influence the earth – Geologic Hazards: How geology influences us

http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2003 Geology in the News Geologic Hazards • Two die in 6. 5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California • Earthquake triggers mudslides San Andreas Fault

Assessing Risk “Major Quake Likely to Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032” Geologic Hazards • Assessing Risks • Avoiding Risks • Preventing Damage • Predicting Impact (http: //quake. wr. usgs. gov/research/seismology/wg 02/

Earthquake Bam, Iran • A Magnitude 6. 5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mudhouse city of 100, 000 in Iran 12 -26 -03 – 30, 000 Dead – 30, 000 Refugees • US sends aid and releases sanctions • Relations improved Photos from AP

Volcanoes (pg. 108) Geological Hazards Floods (see pgs. , 284) Landslides (see pg. 250) Earthquakes (pg. 202)

Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

Geology in Engineering

Geology in Engineering The Leaning Tower Straightens Up In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11 -year effort to keep it from collapsing Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower. Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures www. smithsonianmag. si. edu

Planetary Geology http: //marsrovers. jpl. nasa. gov/mission/ Geologists lead the mission “Robot geologist” explores Mars Steve Squyres says that, even though the MER's work will have just begun, he'll feel like celebrating the moment he's got "six wheels in the dirt. " Guided by MER specialists back on Earth, each rover will travel dozens of yards a day while investigating sites of interest.

Geologists Study Mars 1, 860 mi Valles Marineris Olympus Mons 340 mi 15 miles high • Canyons indicate a geologically active planet • Rock layers, Gullies, and Sand Dunes; all geological landforms • The largest chasm and volcano in the solar system 5 miles deep PBS http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/mars/

Landforms and Surface Processes H. C. Berann (1915 -1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987 • Glaciers (ch 14) • Mass Wasting (ch 11) • Streams (ch 12) • Shorelines (ch 16) • Deserts (ch 15) • Ground water (ch 13) http: //www. berann. com

Historical Geology (Chapter 18) – Deciphering Earth History and – Charting the evolution of life

Landforms and Surface Processes Albert Bierstadt (1830 -1902) Merced River, Yosemite Valley 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art “The Hudson River School” Anonymous 19 th Century Japanese

Geology in Art Paul Cezanne (1839 -1906) Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900 Hermitage ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830 -1902) The Oregon Trail, 1869 Buttler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio

Objectives of Chapter 1 • Introduce the broad field of Geology – Importance of understanding our planet – Specialties in geology (pg. 8) – How effects us (pg. 9 -11) • Origin and Structure of the Earth – Formation of the solar system (pg. 13) – Differentiation of the proto earth – Zones of the Earth (Fig 1. 11)

Objectives of Chapter 1 • Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics – Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15) – Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16 -17) – Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate boundaries – Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg. 15 -16) • Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale – Eons, Eras and Periods (pg. 21)