Downhole Pressure Monitors Halliburton Pressure Transmission Systems PTS

Downhole Pressure Monitors • Halliburton Pressure Transmission Systems (PTS) have been in use at SYU since 1984 (Hondo) & 1993 (Harmony & Heritage) • Have installed over 60 downhole pressure gauges • Installed in all new drillwells unless not mechanical feasible (eg. dual strings or ESP’s)

Platform Hondo is located in offshore California in the Santa Barbara Channel. The water depth is between 900' and 1200'. Hondo was discovered in 1968 and the initial production began in 1981 Presently 26 active wellbores. 14 Wells that are on gaslift or 54% of the total active wellbores

Platform Heritage is located in offshore California in the Santa Barbara Channel. The water depth is between 900' and 1200'. Heritage was brought on line in 1993. Presently 39 active wellbores. 28 Wells that are on gaslift or 72% of the total active wellbores.

Background Harmony Platform is located in offshore California in the Santa Barbara Channel. The water depth is between 900' and 1200'. Harmony was brought on line in 1993. Presently 31 active wellbores. 23 Wells that are on gaslift or 74% of the total active wellbores.

Gas Lift Optimization Using Downhole Pressure Monitors • Downhole gauges can measure downhole pressure at depth real time • Can change any condition (eg. Choke position, g/l rate, viscosity reducer) and immediately see effect on downhole pressure • If downhole pressure increases then drawdown has decreased therefore we know fluid rate has decreased • If downhole pressure decreases then drawdown has increased therefore we know fluid rate has increased • Can change g/l rate and viscosity reducer and immediately determine if there is an impact on rate

Example of Gas Lift Optimization at SYU When the gas lift rate was changed from 1. 2 to 1. 4 MCFD. The flowing BHP fell from 895 to 890 psi.

Reservoir Surveillance Using Downhole Pressure Monitors • With downhole gauge can measure shut in downhole pressure by simply shutting in well and measuring fluid level using echometer • Knowing fluid level we can adjust pressure at the gauge to either the perforation depth or datum depth • We can get a shut in pressure whenever the well is shut in with no mechanical risk from using wireline in the hole • These pressures are used to determine if reservoir is being depleted too quickly and we need injection of gas or water

Completion Surveillance Using Downhole Pressure Monitors • With downhole gauge can perform a pressure buildup test everytime the well is shut in • With the data from the pressure buildup test reservoir engineer or service co. can determine the productivity of the well (PI) and well damage (skin) • With this analysis we can determine how effective the completion is and then determine if remedial work is required such as acid stim or scale treatment, etc. • If you have multiple gauges can use to calibrate and validate your wellbore hydraulic model (NODAL)

PTS Pressure Transmission System Technology Review

What is PTS? • An economic alternative method to electronic gauges for the monitor of down hole pressures • Uses a gas filled capillary tube to convey bottom hole pressure to surface monitor • Halliburton has applied this proven technology for 30 nearly years

Pressure Transmission System (PTS) No Electronics No Moving Parts

Pressure Monitoring Equipment GAS Capillary. Without tubing theory a seal is at the top, based fluid on a closed enters system to the same height at the top and anfluid openlevel and no as outer system onforce bottom. Such asat the top Pack-Off is exerted Very littlea fluid covering strawenters and the straw and a force is pushing down into fluid Capillary Tubing exerted at the top of the straw Pressure Chamber Ports Capillary Tubing Theory

Pressure Monitoring Equipment GAS Gas is bubbled over After the gas hasand theequalized fluid levelwith inside thethe system is pushed to the BHP, the injection of bottom chamber gas of is the stopped Well Bore Gas Pressure + Well Bore Fluid Pressure = Compressed Gas Pressure in System to Monitor BHP Capillary Tubing Theory

Gas Movement Inside Chamber When Pressure Drops To Lowest Point Chamber Is Full Excess Gas Escapes When Pressure Increases Fluid Rises In Chamber. Our Goals Is To Not Let Fluid Enter the Capillary Tubing

Gas Correction

Pressure Monitoring Equipment GAS Gas correction example. Gas Weight needs to be corrected for. Uncorrected BHP 1000 PSI This calculation uses TVD and of Temperature. Weight Gas 20 PSI True BHP 1020 PSI Capillary Tubing Theory

Gas Correction Factors • Gas weight will change with temperature and pressure • Gas correction uses True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the chamber not the Measured Depth (MD) • Helium is used whenever possible as the system gas • Helium has a liner compressibility with temperature and nitrogen does not. • Nitrogen is approximately 7 times the weight of helium

Gas Correction with and without DTS • With DTS we can use real time temperature changes to correct for the weight of the gas column • If no DTS system is used, we must use an average temperature to correct for the weight of the gas. – The average temperature can be derived from previous surveys or by logging well with a temperature tool. – The corrected pressure can be derived thought post processing of the raw data.

Gas Corrections Example Helium Raw Pressure PSI Average Temp Deg F Corrected Pressure 500 170 518. 3 500 120 519. 9 1500 170 1552. 1 1500 120 1556. 4 3000 170 3096. 9 3000 Difference in PSI if not corrected for changing temp -1. 6 -4. 3 This shows the difference if we corrected the pressure 120 3104. 1 -7. 2 assuming an average temperature of 170 deg F but the actual temperature was 120 deg F TVD 9000 ft

System Accuracy

System Accuracy • System accuracy is based on correction of gas weight, transducer accuracy and the fluid level change in the chamber. • Gas weight calculations are as accurate as we are to knowing the average temperature. • Transducer accuracy is based on the type of transducer that is installed. • System resolution. 02 to. 05 PSI

System Accuracy • Quartz Transducer. – Accuracy of ± 0. 015%FS to 0. 02%FS – Resolution of 0. 01 psi – Drift • • At surface temperatures (< 85°C) . 001 % FS/yr • 150 to 200 C , 02% FS/yr Strain Gauge – Accuracy of ± 0. 04% FS – Combined Non-linearity, Hysteresis and Repeatability: +0. 04 Best Straight Line (BSL) (option A) – Stability: 0. 1% F. S. /annum

PTS Advantages • No Downhole Electronics – All downhole components are free of electronic parts nothing to get damaged after installation • Suitable for Harsh Environments – Temp > 800 F – Corrosives well conditions – Vibration resistant • Check System Integrity From Surface – Transducers and data recording devices can be checked from surface without well intervention – Chamber integrity can be checked without system retrieval • Flexible – System can be installed in many configurations – System can be installed with DTS options

PTS Advantages • Accurate – Quartz/Strain Pressure Gauge – Correction of helium gas column either in real time or post processing • Rugged – The parts can be installed, removed and reran into same or other wells – Long track record • Easy to Install and Maintain – The system can be installed and maintained by non engineered personnel • Wellhead Penetration Simplicity – Wellhead exits use standard fittings – Most wellhead companies already have designs for control line exits – Wellhead penetration is economic

PTS Advantages • Splices and Connections – Splices are done quick and easy with tube to tube unions – Connections are none electronic and only require ferrule type fittings • Economic Pricing – Systems typically run 50% to 75% of typical EDHG systems

System Maintenance

System Maintenance Concerns • Maintenance – What is required • Purging and leak checking • Transducer checks – Frequency of maintenance • Depends on testing we recommend one per Qtr minimum

Downhole Equipment Used at Exxon. Mobil SYU

SYU Typical Installation Surface Equipment Real Time Pressure Read-out 1/8” Capillary Tube (Pressure) 1/4” Safety Valve Tube 3/8” Chemical Injection Tube Chamber Internal Sensing

Extended Chamber Design Internal Sensing Capillary Tubing Internal Sensing Ports are on the inside tubing of the chamber

Extended Chamber Design

Clamp Protectors

Clamp Protectors

Control Line Installation Units

Exxon. Mobil SYU Project Overview • Starting Dates – Hondo 1984 – Heritage & Harmony 1993 • Installation Types – – PTS Pressure System Chemical Injection Subsurface Safety Valves 1” Diluent Tube • Maximum Installation Depth • Failures (PTS System) Quantities 60 46 86 9 19, 400 ft 1

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