Dopamine Receptors and Neurodegeneration Claudia RangelBarajas Israel Coronel

Dopamine Receptors and Neurodegeneration Claudia Rangel-Barajas, Israel Coronel, Benjam&#x 000 ED; n Flor&#x 000 E 1; n 1 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Program in Neurosciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. 3 Health Sciences Faculty, Anahuac University, Mexico Norte, State of Mexico, Mexico. 4 Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico. Figure 1. The D 1 -like DA Receptors Intracellular Signal Pathways. Shows the DA mediated effects through D 1 -like DA receptors that by the activation of intracellular signals. Stimulatory effects are indicated with red arrows and inhibitory effects in blue line ended with a circle. c. AMP, 3&#x 00027; -5&#x 00027; -cyclic adenosine monophosphate; &#x 003 b 1; s/olf or &#x 003 b 1; q ATP, active G&#x 003 b 1; protein; PKA, protein kinase A; DARPP Aging and Disease, 2015, 6(5), 349 -368. DOI: 10. 14336/AD. 2015. 0330 -32, dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 k. Da; AC, adenylyl cyclase; PP 1, PP 2 A or PP 2 B, protein-phosphatase 1, 2 A or 2 B; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; IP 3 , inositol triphosphate; m. TOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PIP 2, phosphatidylinositol 2; Ca 2+ , calcium; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase EPAC-GEF, guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor of Rap 1; Rap 1, Ras proximate 1. AMPA, &#x 003 B 1; -Amino 3 -hydroxy-5 -methyl-4 -isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; GABA A , &#x 003 B 3; Aminobutyric acid A; CREB; c. AMP response element-binding protein.