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“Don’t make me read, make me understand “ www. makemegenius. com– Full of ingredients to make your child a genius. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

Waves & Sound A. Waves 1. The nature of waves a. A wave is a rhythmic disturbance that transfers energy. b. All waves are made by something that vibrates. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

2. Mechanical waves need a matter medium to travel through. (sound, water, seismic) 3. Two basic types of waves: a. Transverse b. Compressional (longitudinal) Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

4. Wave properties: a. Wavelength - distance from a point on a wave to the same corresponding point on the next wave. b. Frequency - number of waves that pass a point in one second (expressed in Hz). Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

c. Wavelength has an inverse relationship to wave frequency. d. Wave velocity depends on the type of wave and medium. 1) Sound is faster in more dense media and in higher temps. 2) Light is slower in more dense media, but faster in a vacuum. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

3) e. Amplitude - size related to the energy carried by the wave. 1) Transverse - how high above or how low below the nodal line. 2) Compressional - how dense the medium is at the compressions & rarefactions. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

5. Wave behavior: a. Reflection - the bouncing back of a wave. 1) Sound echoes 2) Light images in mirrors 3) Law of reflection i = r Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

b. Refraction - the bending of a wave caused by a change in speed as the wave moves from one medium to another. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

The girl sees the boy’s foot closer to the surface than it actually is. No! He is looking straight down and If the boy looks down at his feet, will not at an angle. There is no refraction they seem closer to him than they for him. really are? Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

c. Diffraction - the bending of a wave around the edge of an object. 1) Water waves bending around islands 2) Water waves passing through a slit and spreading out Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

3) Diffraction depends on the size of the obstacle or opening compared to the wavelength of the wave. Less occurs if wavelength is smaller than the object. More occurs if wavelength is larger than the object. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

4) AM radio waves are longer and can diffract around large buildings and mountains; FM can’t. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

d. Interference two or more waves overlapping to form a new wave. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

1) Constructive (in phase) Sound waves that constructively interfere are louder Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

2) Destructive (out of phase) Sound waves that destructively interfere are not as loud Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

e. Standing wave - a wave pattern that occurs when two waves equal in wavelength and frequency meet from opposite directions and continuously interfere with each other. node Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us. antinode

f. Resonance - the ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

B. Sound 1. Energy is transferred from particle to particle through matter. 2. How we hear a. Outer ear collects sound. b. Middle ear amplifies sound. c. Inner ear converts sound. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

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3. Properties of sound a. Intensity and loudness 1) Intensity depends on the energy in a sound wave. 2) Loudness is human perception of intensity. 3) Loudness is measured on the decibel scale. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

a) Threshold of hearing (0 db) b) Threshold of pain (120 db) Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

b. Frequency and pitch 1) High frequency means more vibrations hitting the ear. 2) Pitch is how high or how low a sound seems to be. 3) Healthy humans can hear from 20 Hz to 20, 000 Hz 4) We are most sensitive from 440 Hz to 7, 000 Hz. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

5) Ultrasonic sound has a frequency greater than 20, 000 Hz. a) Dogs (up to 35, 000 Hz) b) Bats (over 100, 000 Hz) c) Medical diagnosis 6) Infrasonic sound has a frequency below 20 Hz; they are felt rather than heard (earthquakes, heavy machinery). Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

c. Speed of sound 1) 332 m/s in air at 0 C. 2) Changes by 0. 6 m/s for every Celsius degree from 0 C. 3) Subsonic – slower 4) Supersonic – faster than sound (Mach 1 = speed of sound) 5) Sonic boom (pressure cone) Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

d. The Doppler effect – the change in pitch due to a moving wave source. 1) Objects moving toward you cause a higher pitched sound. 2) Objects moving away cause sound of lower pitch. 3) Used in radar by police and meteorologists and in astronomy. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

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4. Musical sound a. Noise has no pattern. b. Music has a pattern and deliberate pitches. c. Sound quality describes differences of sounds that have the same pitch and loudness. d. Every instrument has its own set of overtones. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

e) Beats are pulsing variations of loudness caused by interference of sounds of slightly different frequencies. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

5. Uses of sound a. Acoustics – the study of sound. Soft materials dampen sound; hard materials reflect it (echoes and reverberations). b. SONAR – Sound Navigation and Ranging (echolocation). c. Ultrasound imaging d. Kidney stones & gallstones. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

Thanks Submitted by Ashi Shrivashtawa DPS , Delhi Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

If you also want to share your own or your kid’s presentation(ppt) please send it on info@makemegenius. com Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.

“Don’t make me read, make me understand “ www. makemegenius. com– Full of ingredients to make your child a genius. Copyright of www. makemegenius. com, for more videos , visit us.