Domestication Domestic livestock systems Agroecology By Dr Wang

Domestication Domestic livestock systems Agro-ecology By Dr Wang for agroecology By Maggie Hope-Simpson adapted by Wang Section 3, Unit 4. 1 Section 3, Unit 2. 2 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Learning Objectives • -What difficulties did hunter-gatherers face? • -What is domestication? • -How did domestication allow for an increase in human population? • -Is domestication exploitation? What's your opinion? • -Name at least five recent examples of domestication (or "part-domestication? "). Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication History �史 MAN-ANIMALS-FEED Hunting 人� /� 物/� 料史 Nomadic Grazing • 狩� Semi-Nomadic Grazing • 游牧放牧 Grazing & Confinement • 半游牧放牧 Total Confinement • 放牧和限制放牧 • 完全限制放牧 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication What did our ancestors祖先 eat? • Things that they grew in the wild, probably what we would call today hunter-gatherers. • In other words, they would gather wild fruits they were growing in nature, wild berries. • They would also be hunting wild land animals, they would be fish if they could catch those, they would probably raid birds’ nests for eggs. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication üWhat might be a difficulty making a living in that way? • keep moving to find enough food • food poisonous or toxic , having thorns刺, tasting bad • Probably hunger or starvation Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication • The Pleistocene更新世 Period was a time of hunting and gathering, experimenting with tools, and traveling in the direction of edible plants and animals. • The ability to adapt to changing environments and resources was their most important survival mechanism. • Evidence has shown that approximately 10, 000 years ago, agriculture was being practiced. Archaeologists考古学家 suggest that plant domestication began because of rising populations and changes in exploitation of local resources. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication • In contrast to hunting and gathering as a mode of life, agriculture means modifying the environment in order to exploit it more effectively. Agriculture alters both the animals and plants it domesticates. Ultimately, it changes the very landscape itself. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication • The first cultivation of plants began during this time span(10000 years ago). The plants which were first cultivated were weed plants, such as Lambs Quarters and Marsh Elder. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication The revolution - from hunter gathering to farming Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication üBut what is domestication? • to train or adopt an animal or a plant to live in a human environment and be of use to humans • The process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to humans and to the captive environment by some combination of genetic change occurring over generations and environmentally induced developmental events reoccurring during each generation • An animal selectively bred in captivity, and thereby modified from its wild ancestors, for use by humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply. • 来源：狩猎与农事，动物知识与植物知识，人们能够区别有毒植物与可食植物、药用植物。 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Some functions of domestic animals: • • • Wang Economic income food fiber hunting and/or sporting control of another species Protection people religious ceremonies war guide and working animals human companions scientific research College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Pig for example • Pigs were a native species to Europe and the Near East. and it is thought to of descended from the wild boar野猪. The wild pigs were larger than the domesticated species and the reasons for their size reduction is not known. Barker (1985) thinks that it is not due to selection by man. Pigs had several advantageous features. The entire animal is edible and their reproduction rate is extremely high. Coupling this with a pig’s ability to eat practically anything, resulted in a adaptable animal that was easy to rear and look after. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication the farming revolution Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication But where did it happen? Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication What evidence do we have? Archaeological micro biological Domesticated is Different Human interference changes the outward and the interior structure of animal and plant life Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Goats Sheep WILD Pigs Wang Cattle College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication üHow did domestication allow for an increase in human population? • One consequence of domestication of plants and animals was that enabled a big increase in human population---It is slightly more than six billion. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication RESULTS OF CHANGES 变革的结果 Animals Domesticated Production Increased � 物� 化 Towns & Cities 生� 力增加 Labor Diversification 城� 和城市 Farms, Factories, Services �� 力多� 化 �� , 厂, 服�� Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Modern animal agricuoture Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication 动物及饲料的变革 ANIMALS & FEED CHANGES Improved Production Animal Specialization 增加生� 力 Greater Feed Requirements � 物� 一化 Feed Storage Required 更高的� 料需求 � 料的� 存需求 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Fat On The Animal 动物身上的脂肪的用处 Stores Energy Only Extremes interfere with desired production Can’t be transported to other animals May be low cost � 存能量与最大期望生� 相悖不能� 移到其他的� 物可能成本低 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication üIs domestication exploitation? What's your opinion? • The relationship between domestic animals and people is partly one where we exploit them. • But it is also partly one of symbiosis where there are benefits to both sides. Symbiosis means living together and living together • If we think of cattle, we eat cattle, we take milk from them, we use their skins for jackets or shoes or purses or horse tack. We protect them from other predators, we give them food, we grow crops for them, we give them shelter, we build them barns or windbreaks. Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication 刘海洋事件 Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication üName at least five recent examples of domestication (or "partdomestication? "). • Many ornamental plants are fairly recent selections from wild species • the eland大羚羊 • deer • fox and mink. • pine marten(松貂). Wang College of Sciences, FAFU

Domestication Wang College of Sciences, FAFU