Domains Kingdoms and Phyla Grouping Organisms And Classification

Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla Grouping Organisms And Classification

Age of Life on Earth • 3. 5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first) • 1. 5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)

Domains 3 largest classification groups Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya

THREE Domains …Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Prokaryotic (no true nucleus) (true bacteria) (extreme bacteria) Eukarya (true nucleus) (protists fungi plants animals)

TAXONS • Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya • Kingdom (6) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain memorize

This is the one organism you need to memorize.

Ever hear of E. coli? • It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli

T. rex. • Tyrannosaurus rex • Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.

binomial nomenclature • is the two part name of organisms. two terms: the genus name and the species

• Example: Common name = sugar pine Scientific name = Pinus lambertiana • ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosa lodgepole pine: Pinus contorta

Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly) • Gelae baen (fungus beetle)

Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli • Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first) • Species is lower case • Written in Latin • Italicized OR underlined

Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system • Studied medicine • Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood • Studied plants to make medicines 1707 -1778 Our Hero

Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden Classification Chart of Primates

Where do the name come from? • Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.

Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly) • Gelae baen (fungus beetle)

Dichotomous Key • An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing.

Two Ways to Make the Key

• "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

• • • 1 A. Metal. . . . go to 2 1 B. Paper. . . . go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper). . . . . penny 2 B. Silver. . . . go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge. . . nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge. . . . go to 4 4 A. Torch on back. . . . . dime 4 B. Eagle on back. . . quarter 5 A. Number 1 in the corners. . . . $1 bill 5 B. Number 2 in the corners. . . . $2 bill

EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here)

All Tree Leaves • Needles Broadleaf Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better) Can use tree guides.

Tips • Better if the choice a positive one something "is" instead of "is not". • If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word. • 1. a. leaves with lobes • b. leaves single (no lobes)

Some common terms • lobed and one entire • » serrated

Some examples • Round, serrated Base not even • Teeth wide, sunken veins

Examples • Four pointed lobes • Deep lobes almost to rib Leaflets across

Some even have more than one shape on the same tree

Get Handout: Good Tips • Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves • One key/lab table • Use 4 feet of white paper • Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms like "large" and "small". • Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices. • Leaves will be taped at the end of the division.

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic • PROKARYOTIC • No true nucleus (called a nucleoid) • smaller • EUKARYOTIC • True nucleus with a membrane • larger • Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Six Kingdoms: Get Handout

Two Domains are Prokaryotic • Genetic material NOT in a nucleus (called a nucleoid instead) • INCLUDES: 1. Eubacteria –true bacteria 2. Archaea – extreme bacteria (sometimes “archaebacteria”) • Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2: 33)

Kingdom: Archaea or Archaebacteria) • Prokaryotic –no true nucleus • Cell walls with no peptidoglycan (see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled • Live in most extreme environments FYI: Discovered • Discovering Archaea (3: 24) 1977

What is peptidoglycan? • A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria

Kingdom: Archaea • Thermophiles –love heat • Psychrophiles –cold-loving • Acidophiles –love acidic environments • Halophiles-love salty • Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)

Archaea Examples • Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube) Found in hot springs

Archaea Examples A-thermophile B-halophile C-halophile D-carbonatphile E-halophile F-calcium carbonatphile -What are extremophiles? (54 secs) -Extremophiles (1: 25) -Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7: 16)

Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria) • Prokaryotic – no true nucleus (just a nucleoid) • Cell wall with peptidoglycan • Unicellular –one-celled • Diverse environments and metabolism

Eubacteria (Common) • Staphylococcus • Anthracis bacillus • Escherichia coli • Streptococcus

Eubacteria Examples • Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Staphylococcus aureus(skin)

Domain: Eukarya HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material) Includes 4 Kingdoms: Protists Fungi Animals Plants

Kingdom: Protista • Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus • Usually unicellular • Varied cell walls • (Plant-like, animallike, fungus –like)

PROTISTA • Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll) • Animal-like protists (Move) Fungus-like protists (slime molds move like amoeba, decomposer)

Protista Examples Protist Youtube Euglena • Paramecium Stentor Volvox (colonial)

Kingdom: FUNGI • Eukaryotic • Cell walls of chitin – stiffener • Can be multicellular or unicellular

Fungi • Yeast (unicellular fungi) • Can you see the budding?

More Fungi • Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus Bread mold

More Fungi • Penicillium Black Mold Hot dog mold

Kingdom: Plantae • Eukaryotic • Cell wall made of cellulose • Multicellular –more than one cell • Autotrophic –photosynthetic – make their own food

What is cellulose? Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants

Examples:

Kingdom: Animalia • • Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)

Animalia

What kingdom are you?