Domain Largest classification grouping Kingdom Second largest classification

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Domain = Largest classification grouping. Kingdom = Second largest classification grouping.

Domain = Largest classification grouping. Kingdom = Second largest classification grouping.

 • Kingdom Metazoa • Multicellular organisms • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Nutrition mainly

• Kingdom Metazoa • Multicellular organisms • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Nutrition mainly by ingestion. • All have specialized tissues, some have organs, organ systems (sometimes complex) • No cell walls • Reproduction mostly sexual.

Large, nonmotile (mobile) egg. Small, motile (mobile) sperm.

Large, nonmotile (mobile) egg. Small, motile (mobile) sperm.

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Animals possessing a spinal cord or notochord and vertebrae. Phylum Chordata – “Chordates” •

Animals possessing a spinal cord or notochord and vertebrae. Phylum Chordata – “Chordates” • Make up less than 5% of all animal species. Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Animals that do not have a notochord or spinal cord. • Found worldwide in

Animals that do not have a notochord or spinal cord. • Found worldwide in almost every habitat. • Predecessors of vertebrates • Make up more than 95% of all animal species • Classified according to body structure • 9 -38 phyla

Symmetry Types • Asymmetrical • No definite “head/tail” end, no left/right sides. • Amoeba

Symmetry Types • Asymmetrical • No definite “head/tail” end, no left/right sides. • Amoeba proteus

Spherical • “Round” No L/R, H/T Yeast cell

Spherical • “Round” No L/R, H/T Yeast cell

Radial • Show polarity (H/T), but no L/R sides

Radial • Show polarity (H/T), but no L/R sides

Bilateral • Definite head/tail ends AND left/right sides. One side is usually a “mirror

Bilateral • Definite head/tail ends AND left/right sides. One side is usually a “mirror image” of the other side

Anatomical Directions/Surfaces • • • Dorsal: top Ventral: bottom (belly) Anterior: front (head) end

Anatomical Directions/Surfaces • • • Dorsal: top Ventral: bottom (belly) Anterior: front (head) end Posterior: back (tail) end Lateral: side surfaces

Invertebrate Phyla Sampling

Invertebrate Phyla Sampling

Phylum Porifera • • • Approx. 9000 species, mostly marine Asymmetrical symmetry Sessile as

Phylum Porifera • • • Approx. 9000 species, mostly marine Asymmetrical symmetry Sessile as adults Sexual/Asexual Reproduction The “Sponges”

Phylum Cnideria • • • Approx. 10, 000 species Radial symmetry Baglike body of

Phylum Cnideria • • • Approx. 10, 000 species Radial symmetry Baglike body of two cell layers Gelatinous Mostly marine Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals

Phylum Platyhelminthes • • • The Flatworms Bilateral Symmetry No true segmentation Organs present

Phylum Platyhelminthes • • • The Flatworms Bilateral Symmetry No true segmentation Organs present Planarians, tapeworms, flukes

Phylum Nematoda • • • Roundworms More than 12, 000 species All parasitic Unsegmented

Phylum Nematoda • • • Roundworms More than 12, 000 species All parasitic Unsegmented Long, slender Ascaris, Trichinella, others

Phylum Mollusca • • Approx. 110, 000 species Soft – bodied, unique rasping tongue

Phylum Mollusca • • Approx. 110, 000 species Soft – bodied, unique rasping tongue Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, scallops, squid, octopii, and nautilus

Phylum Annelida • • • Segmented worms Approx. 12, 000 species Bilateral Symmetry Terrestrial,

Phylum Annelida • • • Segmented worms Approx. 12, 000 species Bilateral Symmetry Terrestrial, FW, Marine Sandworms, bloodworms, earthworms, leeches

Phylum Arthropoda • • Over 1, 000 species Segmented bodies Paired, jointed appendages Bilateral

Phylum Arthropoda • • Over 1, 000 species Segmented bodies Paired, jointed appendages Bilateral symmetry Exoskeleton Aerial, terrestrial, FW, Marine Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crab, crustaceans, insects, centipedes, millepedes

Phylum Echinodermata • • Approx. 6000 species Radial symmetry Five-part body plan Water vascular

Phylum Echinodermata • • Approx. 6000 species Radial symmetry Five-part body plan Water vascular system with tube feet for locomotion • All marine • Sea. Feather, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

Colony: a group of similar cells living together, often interconnected Specialization: • Individual cells

Colony: a group of similar cells living together, often interconnected Specialization: • Individual cells in a multicellular organism have highly developed special skills • The adaptation of a cell, tissues, organs for a particular job/function • Brings about INTERDEPENDENCE

Interdependence: Cells, or tissues, or organ systems depend upon each other for survival

Interdependence: Cells, or tissues, or organ systems depend upon each other for survival

2 Trends in Animal Evolution 1/ Specialization 2/ Cephalization Evolutionary adaptation of the organs

2 Trends in Animal Evolution 1/ Specialization 2/ Cephalization Evolutionary adaptation of the organs of sensory perception and cognition placed at the anterior end of the organism. Advantage?