Document Examination BY ESTHER HUH SBF 5 03

Document Examination BY: ESTHER HUH SBF 5 -03, MS. VILLANI PERIOD 8/9

Questioned Documents • Questioned Documents are documents that raise unanswered questions • For example: an unknown author of a handwritten document • Examiners: alteration, forgery, handwriting/ typing comparisons to determine authorship • Studying of handwriting, typewriting, imprinted documents, alterations, ink, paper, and writing instruments are necessary

Handwriting Comparisons NO two handwritings are the same Compare suspect handwriting with suspect document for possible matches All characteristics between the known and questioned documents are compared The process requires a plethora of comparison samples

Exemplars & Variations Exemplars Variations Exemplars are the Humans are incapable of most critical for determining outcome of a comparison Having numerous exemplars is more reliable than a simple one-to-one comparison having the same handwriting every time they write. Variations in one’s writing are an inherent part of natural writing No two writing pieces/signatures from the same person are identical

Handwritten Documents • People develop individual • • • characteristics that are unique to each person Unconscious writing styles: angularity pressure word spacing Handwriting doesn’t give insight into sex/gender Compare suspect’s handwriting to the document to determine if they match.

Typescript Forensic scientists decipher the model of the typewriters used. Variations in vertical and horizontal alignment and perpendicular misalignment of characters are the most valuable in identifying a typewriter. A comparison of questioned document and the exemplars prepared can help to identify typewriter.

Computer Generated Widespread use of personal computers create new problems for document examiners. Personal computers use daisy wheel, dot matrix, and laser printers. Machines often produce typed copies with only inconspicuous defects

Photocopier, Printer & Fax Generated • Different photocopiers • • • differ by the type of ink it uses. To classify photocopiers: First, analyze the presence of ink spatter Examine the evidence of dragging Determine the presence of gaps in certain areas Look for various “trash” marks

Ink extraction & examination • Through ink examination, it is possible to distinguish between different types of inks. • Examiners can determine if the same ink was used to write two or more documents • Thin layer chromatography separates the components of a sample and determines if two ink samples are the same

Alterations, Erasers, and Obliteration Detection/Analysis • Examiners analyzes to see if • • any modifications were made Erasures may be visible, under oblique light, even if the original material is not easily visible. Ultraviolet or infrared sources can be used to visualize erased ink Infrared luminescence: detects alterations with bluegreen ink It absorbs radiation and radiates infrared light

Counterfeit Money • People often use a PC, scanner, or a printer using the highest resolution to create counterfeit money. • Money is hard to counterfeit because of the details on the hexagonal pattern of fine lines, micro printing, intricate details, and sparkly, colorshifting ink. • Security strip or a marker are anti-counterfeiting tools.

Charred documents • Charred documents are documents that have been damaged or destroyed by fire • Sometimes, it is done on purpose. • Can be deciphered using infrared photography • Conclusions on examinations can range from complete decipherment to negative results depending on the type of paper, writing instrument, and the degree of burning of the document

Cases- Unsolved Jon. Benet Ramsey was 6 years old when his body was found in the basement, on December 26, 1996 She was sexually assaulted and her skull was fractured A ransom note was found on the basement staircase The note contained numerous misspellings and conflicting writing styles The police believed that the ransom note was deliberate to deflect investigations The author of the ransom note was never identified

Cases- Unsolved Melvin Luther Wilson has been missing since 1972 He is wanted by the FBI for counterfeiting money He dumped a barrel containing counterfeit money plus plates in a river The barrel was found by a fisherman Present day: 70 s or 80 s

Cases- solved Anatasios Arnaouti led the most productive forgery operations The police jailed him in 2005 He was in the counterfeit production for several years He produced tens of thousands of counterfeit notes everyday The operation was so lucrative, it would have compromised both the UK and US economies

Citations: Text • APA Citations: • Justin. Case's Comparisons of Patsy's Handwriting - Forums For Justice. • • (n. d. ). Forums for Justice. Retrieved October 12, 2010, from http: //www. forumsforjustice. org/forums/showthread. php? t=5328 Forensic Science Central �Questioned Documents. (n. d. ). Forensic Science Central - Home. Retrieved October 8, 2010, from http: //www. forensicsciencecentral Layton, J. (n. d. ). How. Stuff. Works "How Handwriting Analysis Works". Howstuffworks "Science". Retrieved October 8, 2010, from http: //science. howstuffworks. com/handwriting-analysis. htm Questioned document examination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 8, 2010, from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Questioned Brain, M. (n. d. ). How. Stuff. Works "Security Features". Howstuffworks "Business & Money". Retrieved October 8, 2010, from http: //money. howstuffworks. com

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