Do you know the difference Democrat vs democratic

Do you know the difference?

Democrat vs. democratic Republican vs. republican

Plurality vs. Majority?

Division of Powers vs. Separation of Powers

House vs. Senate vs. Congress

Grant vs. Mandate

General vs. Primary Election

Formal debate rules: House v. Senate

Caucus vs. Primary

Apportionment vs. Redistricting

Hard vs. Soft Money

Libel vs. Slander

Sunshine vs. Sunset laws

federalism vs. federal Government vs. Federalist Papers vs. Federalist Party

Honeymoon Period vs. Lame Duck Period.

Due Process Clause vs. Equal Protection Clause

Lemon vs. Miller Test

CBO vs. OMB

expenditures vs. revenues

Writ of certiorari vs. Amicus Curiae

Pocket veto vs. Line item veto vs. Legislative veto vs. veto

Unitary government vs. Confederation government vs. Federalism government

trustee vs. delegate vs. Politico

Executive orders vs. Executive privilege vs. Executive agreements

referendum vs. recall

Free exercise clause vs. Establishment clause

Block grant vs. Categorical grant (project or formula)

Bill of Rights vs. Natural Rights

Elastic Clause vs. Commerce Clause

We the people vs. All men are created equal… life, liberty, and the pursuit if happiness

Spoils System vs. Merit System

Political socialization factors vs. Voting factors

Senate confirmation vs. Senate ratification

Fiscal vs. Monetary policy

deficit vs. debt

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Pork barreling vs. Logrolling

Iron Triangle vs. Issue Network

Graduated vs. Regressive taxes

Standing Committee vs. Conference Committee

1/2 vs. 3/5 vs. 3/4 vs. 2/3

Implied vs. Reserved vs. Concurrent vs. Denied vs. Enumerated (expressed or delegated) powers

Unified vs. Divided Government (straight ticket voting versus split ticket voting)

Multi-Member Districts with Proportional Representation systems vs. Winner-take-all, Single. Member-Districts plurality system

Impeachment vs. Removal

Mandate election vs. Mandate program

Rule of 4 vs. Senatorial Courtesy

Delegates vs. Electoral Votes

Cabinet vs. White House Staff

Dealignment vs. Realignment

Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction

Attorney General vs. Solicitor General

DADT vs. DOMA

Open vs. Closed vs. Blanket Primary

Important Concepts Most Often Forgotten

FRQ’s- pay attention to these command words n n Identify – 1 sentence, 1 magic term Describe – 2 sentences Explain- 3 sentences, must use an example PLEASE USE FOR EXAMPLE SENTENCES, HISTORICAL (PREFERRRED) OR HYPOTHETICAL

# 1 review concept n Checks and balance Triangle

EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE n n n n The privilege that allows the president and other high officials of the executive branch to keep certain communications private if disclosing those communications would disrupt the functions or decision-making processes of the executive branch. The reasoning behind the secrecy is the need for "candid" exchanges among executive employees in giving "advice" to one another and freedom to express their opinions without political consequence Imagine if everything you said and wrote was made public? Watergate showed that this privilege does not extend to information germane to a criminal investigation, US v. Nixon. • Clinton tried to use this claim as well during the Lewinsky Scandal and lost Executive privilege would most effectively apply when the oversight of the executive would impair that branch's national security concerns, but lost NY Times v. US case (Pentagon Papers). Separation of Powers Issue Informal power, not listed in the Constitution Historical Examples: • In 1796, President George Washington refused to comply with a request by the House of Representatives for documents related to the negotiations of Jay’s Treaty with G. B. • In 1833, President Andrew Jackson cited executive privilege when Senator Henry Clay demanded he produce documents concerning statements the president made to his cabinet about the removal of federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States. • During the Red Scare, the Truman Administration issued a sweeping secrecy order blocking congressional efforts from the FBI • During the Army–Mc. Carthy hearings in 1954, Eisenhower used the claim 44 times for White House staff and Department of Defense employees to refuse to testify and answer the Mc. Carthy Committee subpoenas

Oversight n n n n Non-legislative function of Congress (Not making laws) Refers to oversight by the United States Congress on the Executive Branch, including the numerous U. S. federal agencies in the bureaucracy It is an integral part of the American system of checks and balances. Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. Conflicts with Executive Privilege Congress exercises this power largely through its congressional committee system. • These include authorization, appropriations, investigative, and legislative hearings by standing committees • specialized investigations by select committees • reviews and studies by congressional support agencies and staff. • Congress’s oversight authority derives from its “implied” powers in the Constitution, public laws, and House and Senate rules. Famous Examples • GSA • Baseball steroids hearings • Watergate • 9 -11 Commission • Mc. Carthy Hearings, Red Scare

Committees n n Standing, Joint, vs. Conference How achieve leadership positions?

Federalism n n Division of powers between the central government and state governments 10 th Amendment, reserved powers • States: Morality, education, health n n Dual vs. Cooperative Federalism Cases: Marshall court, Gibbons v. Ogden- commerce clause, Mc. Culloch v. Maryland – implied powers State powers eroded over time Grants • Project • Formula • Block, enhances state rights, Workfare n n Mandates Devolution Gay marriage, drug laws, and education issues Inequality issues vs. laboratories of democracy

n n War Powers Act Impoundment Act

Power of POTUS Formal (Listed in Constitution) n n n n Commander-in-Chief Veto Power Appointment Power (judges, cabinet, 4, 400 people over all) Make treaties Call Special Sessions of Congress Pardon and Reprieves State of the Union Address Informal n n n Stems from the “he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed “ clause, his elastic clause Bully Pulpit, # 1 Executive Orders (domestic, limits? ) Executive Agreements Executive Privilege Deploy Troops, start a war

Bureaucracy n n Merit System, Iron Triangle, deregulation terms Independent Regulatory (Executive) Agencies • Fusion of Powers issues (or quasi-judicial & legislative powers), like Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Federal Reserve Board, FCC, FTC, NLRB, FEC, GSA & SEC • Unlike executive departments, executive agencies do not answer directly to the President; they are largely self-regulated. • The heads of executive agencies are appointed by the President but can only be removed from office with cause. • Agencies often mimic 3 part government structure internally, as they create regulations, adjudicate conflicts, and enforce penalties against regulation violators (Which violates Separation of Powers Doctrine). Government Corporations • Post Office, Amtrak, & PBS 15 Cabinet Positions • State, Defense, Education, Treasury, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Labor, Energy, Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security.

Interest Groups n n n Examples? Pluralism (Federalist #51), elitism, hyper-pluralism Methods • • Lobbying Electioneering Going Public, mass mobilization Litigation n n n Class action lawsuits or amicus curie briefs Regulations- 1 st Amendment free speech issues Hard vs. soft money PACs, Super PACs Revolving Door Iron Triangle (Issue Networks) Free Rider Issue