DO NOW THE 1960S PROTEST ERA The 1960s

DO NOW: THE 1960’S PROTEST ERA The 1960’s is known for being a historic era of protests throughout the country. Civil Rights Protests as well as Vietnam War Protests showed that there was growing discontent between the people and the government. Many people also say these protests played a major role in shaping US policy for years to come. 1) Was protesting (Civil Rights or Vietnam) an effective way for the American people to have their voices heard? Why or why not…? 2) Do you think that the 2010’s is the second coming of the protest culture in the United States (Iraq War Protests, Ferguson, Women’s March/Climate Change March) ? Why or why not?

CHAPTER 22: THE VIETNAM WAR YEARS The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U. S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties abroad and assassinations and antiwar demonstrations at home.

VIDEO QUESTIONS: WHAT IS DOMINO THEORY? 1) What is the Domino Theory? 2) How did the Domino Theory help shape US foreign policy during the Cold War? 3) Do you think the Domino Theory (and policies based off this theory) is an example of “good” foreign policy? Explain your answer….

CHAPTER 22 -1: MOVING TOWARD CONFLICT To stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, the United States uses its military to support South Vietnam.

AMERICA SUPPORTS FRANCE IN VIETNAM French Rule in Vietnam • Late 1800 s–WW II, France rules most of Indochina • Ho Chi Minh —leader of Vietnamese independence movement • helps create Indochinese Communist Party • 1940, Japanese take control of Vietnam • Vietminhn —organization that aims to rid Vietnam of foreign rule • Sept. 1945, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an independent nation

AMERICA SUPPORTS FRANCE IN VIETNAM France Battles the Vietminh • French troops move into Vietnam; French fight, regain cities, South • 1950, U. S. begins economic aid to France to stop communism The Vietminh Drive Out the French • Domino theory —countries can fall to communism like row of dominoes • 1954, Vietminh overrun French at Dien Bien Phu; France surrenders • Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at 17 th parallel; Communists get north • Election to unify country called for in 1956

THE UNITED STATES STEPS IN Diem Cancels Elections • Ho has brutal, repressive regime but is popular for land distribution • S. Vietnam’s anti-Communist president Ngo Dinh Diem refuses election • U. S. promises military aid for stable, reform government in South • Diem corrupt, stifles opposition, restricts Buddhism • Vietcong (Communist opposition group in South) kills officials • Ho sends arms to Vietcong along Ho Chi Minh Trail Kennedy and Vietnam • Like Eisenhower, JFK backs Diem financially; sends military advisers • Diem’s popularity plummets from corruption, lack of land reform • Diem starts strategic hamlet program to fight Vietcong • villagers resent being moved from ancestral homes • Diem presses attacks on Buddhism; monks burn themselves in protest

PRESIDENT JOHNSON EXPANDS THE CONFLICT The South Grows More Unstable • Succession of military leaders rule S. Vietnam; country unstable • LBJ thinks U. S. can lose international prestige if communists win The Tonkin Gulf Resolution • Alleged attack in Gulf of Tonkin; LBJ asks for power to repel enemy • 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives him broad military powers • 1965 8 Americans killed, LBJ orders sustained bombing of North • U. S. combat troops sent to S. Vietnam to battle Vietcong

VIDEO QUESTIONS: TED-ED: THE INFAMOUS AND INGENIOUS HO CHI MINH TRAIL 1) The key to victory for North Vietnam was a “dirt trail”. What is meant by this? 2) Describe what it was like for a person on the Ho Chih Min Trail in it’s early days. 3) What caused most of the deaths in the early days of the Ho Chih Min Trail. 4) How did the experience on the trail change between 1959 and 1964?

ACTIVITY: JFK SUSPECT BOARDS Today you should work on your JFK suspect boards. Today you should be doing at least 1 of the following tasks: 1) Reading through the documents and formulating hypothesis 2) Working with your group to determine which 6 hypothesis that your group will use on their board 2) Drawing/mapping a rough draft of your suspect board

PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWERS: AN ANALYSIS For this activity we are going to take a critical look at the power of the Executive Branch, and specifically, the Power of the President when it comes to military conflict. In groups of 3 -4 you are going to read analyze the following historical documents q. Article II Section 2 of the US Constitution q. Article I Section 8 of the US Constitution q. Tonkin Gulf Resolution q. The Legality of United States in the Defense of Viet-nam (Memo) q. The War Powers Resolution Based off of these documents, you should fill out the graphic organizer provided. In your group discuss on the following questions and reflect on them in your notebook (should be at least 1 paragraph for each question) 1) What is the power of the President in times of war? 2) How did the power of the Presidency change during the Vietnam War era? Do those changes still apply to President’s today? Explain your answer

HOMEWORK q. Vocab Chapter 22 -1 q. Reflection Question 22 -1: Many people argue that the US support of the Diem government was in opposition of American views and values, yet the support continued for several years. Why do many argue that this support was a “conflict of interest” for the US? (Cite examples to support your answer)

DO NOW: CHEMICAL WARFARE This picture, titled “Napalm Girl” (taken on June 2 nd, 1972) was said by many people to be one of the single most important pieces of photojournalism in the Vietnam War. The picture was taken after a US Air Force mission, which was supposed to be targeting Vietcong fighter villages, mistakenly dropped a load of Napalm on a Vietnamese village outside Saigon. 1) What do you see in this photo? What types of emotions and ideas are conveyed? 2) Why do you think this photo was so monumental? What type of dialogue does it provide for US intervention in Vietnam?

VIDEO QUESTIONS: NAPALM GIRL 1) What is the photographer’s story behind his Napalm Girl photo? 2) What is significant about the statement “I hope to take a picture that stops the war one day”? 3)What happened to the photographer after his time in Vietnam? What happened to Napalm Girl? 4) What can we learn about the role that photojournalism played in the Vietnam War from this story (and this specific photo)?

CHAPTER 22 -2: US INVOLVEMENT AND ESCALATION The United States sends troops to fight in Vietnam, but the war quickly turns into a stalemate.

JOHNSON INCREASES US INVOLVEMENT Strong Support for Containment • LBJ hesitates breaking promise to keep troops out; works with: • Secretary of Defense Robert Mc. Namara, Secretary of State Dean Rusk • Congress, majority of public support sending troops The Troop Buildup Accelerates • General William Westmoreland —U. S. commander in South Vietnam • Thinks southern Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) ineffective • Requests increasing numbers; by 1967 500, 000 U. S. troops

FIGHTING IN THE JUNGLE An Elusive Enemy • Vietcong use hit-and-run, ambush tactics, move among civilians • Tunnels help withstand airstrikes, launch attacks, connect villages • Terrain laced with booby traps, land mines laid by U. S. , Vietcong A Frustrating War of Attrition • Westmoreland tries to destroy Vietcong morale through attrition • Vietcong receive supplies from China, U. S. S. R. ; remain defiant • U. S. sees war as military struggle; Vietcong as battle for survival

FIGHTING IN THE JUNGLE (CONTINUED) The Battle for “Hearts and Minds” • U. S. wants to stop Vietcong from winning support of rural population • Weapons for exposing tunnels often wound civilians, destroy villages • napalm: gasoline-based bomb that sets fire to jungle • Agent Orange: leaf-killing, toxic chemical • Search-and-destroy missions move civilian suspects, destroy property • Villagers go to cities, refugee camps; 1967, over 3 million refugees

FIGHTING IN THE JUNGLE (CONTINUED) Sinking Morale • Guerrilla warfare, jungle conditions, lack of progress lower morale • Many soldiers turn to alcohol, drugs; some kill superior officers • Government corruption, instability lead S. Vietnam to demonstrate Fulfilling a Duty • Most U. S. soldiers believe in justice of halting communism • Fight courageously, take patriotic pride in fulfilling their duty

THE EARLY WAR AT HOME The Great Society Suffers • War grows more costly with more troops; inflation rate rising • LBJ gets tax increase to pay for war, check inflation • has to accept $6 billion funding cut for Great Society The Living-Room War • Combat footage on nightly TV news shows stark picture of war • Critics say credibility gap between administration reports and events • Senator J. William Fulbright’s hearings add to doubts about war

VIDEO QUESTIONS: AGENT ORANGE 1) What is Operation “Ranch Hand”? What arguments were used to defend using chemical warfare in Vietnam? 2) What were some of the side effects that the North Vietnamese and US Veterans experienced from Agent Orange? 3) What struggles did Vietnam Veterans face when attempting to get compensation for Agent Orange? 4) Why do you think US media and government are so hesistant to talk about the use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War?

ACTIVITY: VIETNAM WAR PROTEST SONGS We are going to listen to a series of war protest songs from the Vietnam War era. Listen closely to each song and answer the questions that accompany each song in your notebook. Each set of questions will appear on a following Slide. At the end you will be asked to write a reflection paragraph in your notebook The List of songs are as follows: 1) “I-Feel-Like-I’m-Fixing-to-Die Rag”- Country Joe and the Fish 2) Lyndon Johnson Told a Nation- Tom Paxton 3) The Ballad of the Green Beret- Sargent Barry Sadler 4) Eve of Destruction- Barry Mc. Guire 5) I Ain’t Marching Anymore- Phil Ochs

I-FEEL-LIKE-I’M-FIXING-TO-DIE RAG BY COUNTRY JOE AND THE FISH 1) Listen to the chorus of this song. What are the words? 2) What is meant by “pearly gates”? 3) Do you think the lyrics of this song should be taken seriously? Is this really what the group means about Vietnam? Why or why not? 4) Listen to background music, its beat, its noisemakers. How does all of this reinforce your answer in #3? 5) What is the attitude of Country Joe and the Fish towards war? Provide a one word answer that identifies his TONE. 6) Is the song Pro-war or Anti-war? What evidence do you have to prove this statement?

LYNDON JOHNSON TOLD A NATION- BY TOM PAXTON 1)What is escalation mean as used in this song? 2) The chorus has the line “Help save Vietnam for the Vietnamese”. What is meant by this line? How does this line help you better convey Tom Paxon’s attitude towards the Vietnam War? 3) Pay attention to the background music. Does it fit the words of the song? Explain. 4) Is this song Pro-war or Anti-War? What evidence do you have to prove this statement

THE BALLAD OF THE GREEN BERET- BY SARGENT BARRY SADLER 1)What does the rank or title of the singer of this song suggest about his possible position on the war in Vietnam? 2) This song is a “Ballad” which is a musical “story” being sung. What is the story told by this song? 3) In one word, what is Sadler’s attitude towards the US conflict in Vietnam 4) How does the music (instrumentals, pace, tone) help convey Sadler’s attitude? 5) Is this song Pro-war or Anti-war? What evidence do you have to prove this

EVE OF DESTRUCTION-BARRY MCGUIRE 1) What do you think is meant by the title of this song? 2) What is meant by the following lyrical allusions: Old enough to kill but not for voting” : Eastern world: Button is pushed: Marches themselves can’t bring integration: Look at all the hate there is in Red China, but then take a look around at Selma, Alabama: 3) What do you feel is the most powerful line in this song? 4) What is Mc. Guire’s attitude towards the war (and other events in the 1960’s)? Summarize this in ONE WORD. 5) Is this song Pro-war or Anti-war? What evidence do you have to prove this statement

I AIN’T MARCHING ANYMORE -PHIL OCHS 1) According to the song, how does someone get out of going to Vietnam? 2) Is this song only about Vietnam? Provide 3 references from the song lyrics to support or refute your claim. 3) What is Ochs’ attitude towards the Vietnam War? 4. Is song PRO-WAR or ANTI-WAR? What evidence do you have to support this claim?

HOMEWORK Read/Notes: 22 -3: A Nation Divided Reflection Question 22 -2: What were the effects of the nightly TV News Coverage of the Vietnam War? How did this influence public opinion towards the war?

CHAPTER 22 -3: A NATION DIVIDED An antiwar movement in the U. S. pits supporters of the government’s war policy against those who oppose it.

THE WORKING CLASS GOES TO WAR A “Manipulatable” Draft • Selective Service System, draft, calls men 18– 26 to military service • Thousands look for ways to avoid the draft • Many—mostly white, affluent— get college deferment • 80% of U. S. soldiers come from lower economic levels

THE WORKING CLASS GOES TO WAR African Americans in Vietnam • African Americans serve in disproportionate numbers in ground combat • Defense Dept. corrects problem by instituting draft lottery in 1969 • Racial tensions high in many platoons; add to low troop morale Women Join the Ranks • 10, 000 women serve, mostly as military nurses • Thousands volunteer: American Red Cross, United Services Organization

THE ROOTS OF OPPOSITION The New Left • New Left —youth movement of 1960 s, demand sweeping changes • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Free Speech Movement (FSM): • criticize big business, government; want greater individual freedom Campus Activism • New Left ideas spread across colleges • Students protest campus issues, Vietnam war

THE PROTEST MOVEMENT EMERGES The Movement Grows • In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of thousands • 1966, student deferments require good academic standing • SDS calls for civil disobedience; counsels students to go abroad • Small numbers of returning veterans protest; protest songs popular From Protest to Resistance • Antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some become violent • Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve; some flee to Canada

THE PROTEST MOVEMENT EMERGES (CONTINUED) War Divides the Nation • Doves strongly oppose war, believe U. S. should withdraw • Hawks favor sending greater forces to win the war • 1967 majority of Americans support war, consider protesters disloyal Johnson Remains Determined • LBJ continues slow escalation, is criticized by both hawks and doves • Combat stalemate leads Defense Secretary Mc. Namara to resign

CHAPTER 22 -4: 1968 A TUMULTUOUS YEAR An enemy attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, and a chaotic political convention make 1968 an explosive year.

THE TET OFFENSIVE TURNS THE WAR A Surprise Attack • 1968 villagers go to cities to celebrate Tet (Vietnamese new year) • Vietcong among crowd attack over 100 towns, 12 U. S. air bases • Tet offensive lasts 1 month before U. S. , S. Vietnam regain control • Westmoreland declares attacks are military defeat for Vietcong Tet Changes Public Opinion • Before Tet, most Americans hawks; after Tet, hawks, doves both 40% • Mainstream media openly criticizes war • LBJ appoints Clark Clifford as new Secretary of Defense • After studying situation, Clifford concludes war is

DAYS OF LOSS AND RAGE Johnson Withdraws • Senator Eugene Mc. Carthy runs for Democratic nomination as dove • Senator Robert Kennedy enters race after LBJ’s poor showing in NH • LBJ announces will seek peace talks, will not run for re-election Violence and Protest Grip the Nation • Riots rock over 100 cities after Martin Luther King, Jr. is killed • Kennedy wins CA primary; is fatally shot for supporting Israel • Major demonstrations on over 100 college campuses

A TURBULENT RACE FOR PRESIDENT Turmoil in Chicago • Vice-president Hubert Humphrey wins Democratic nomination • Over 10, 000 demonstrators go to Chicago • Mayor Richard J. Daley mobilizes police, National Guard • Protesters try to march to convention; police beat them; rioting • Delegates to convention bitterly debate antiwar plank Nixon Triumphs • Nixon works for party for years, wins 1968 Republican nomination • Campaign promises: restore law and order, end war in Vietnam • Governor George Wallace is third-party candidate

AMERICA’S LONGEST WAR ENDS “Peace is at Hand” • 1971, 60% think U. S. should withdraw from Vietnam by end of year • 1972 N. Vietnamese attack; U. S. bombs cities, mines Haiphong harbor • Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal of U. S. : “Peace is at hand” The Final Push • S. Vietnam rejects Kissinger plan; talks break off; bombing resumes • Congress calls for end to war; peace signed January 1973 The Fall of Saigon • Cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after North invades 1975