Do Now Please take out DBQ graphic organizers
Do Now: Please take out DBQ graphic organizers on Buddhism in China Please answer MC on post-classical China. Tang and Song China The Golden Age of China How Many Dynasties are in Post-Classical China 600 -1450?
COT Changes Continuities Civil Service system expanded Grand Canal (liking Yellow with Yangtze) Elevated status of women then foot binding Dynasties (Sui-Tang-Song) Guangzhou as southern capital (Song) Size of empire ( Tang the largest) Urbanization (Chang ‘An and Guang Zhou) Woman Empress (Wu Zeitan) Banking, letters of credit, paper”flying”money Neo-Confucianism- mixing Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism Gunpowder weaponry (Song Dynasty) Abacus Removable type printing Compass Porcelain Mechanical clock Magnetic compass and rudder for junk ships Tributary states (Kingdom of Silla in Korea) Jin (nomadic empire in North under Song Dynasty- Song paid tribute) Scholarships and promotions for education Equal field system Civil service meritocracy Infrastructure rebuilt every new dynasty ( in accordance with Mandate of Heaven) Mandate of Heaven Patriarchy (deference in Confucianism) Silk Road and Indian Ocean Confucianism (role in Civil Sevice) Buddhism Paper production (although spreads West after Battle of Talas River with Abbasid Caliphate) Role of forced labor( conscription to build Grand Canal) Role of military Tribute Patriarchy Chang ‘An (Northern capital) Chinese culture (poetry, music, language) Scholar-gentry Merchants still disregarded
Sui Dynasty Ø Emperor Wendi united traditional core of China after fall of Han Ø Wendi lowered taxes / instituted land reform Ø Murdered by son Yangdi
Sui Dynasty Yangdi re-established civil service exams Ø Advanced scholar-gentry Ø Forced labor of peasants for construction of Grand Canal Ø Unsuccessfully tried to take Korea Ø Decline due to failure in war, breakaway provinces, pressure from northern nomads Ø Yangdi assassinated by own ministers Ø
Tang Dynasty Tang established by one of Yangdi’s officials Ø Tang armies conquered as far as Afghanistan. Tang largest Chinese empire Ø Completed repairs on Great Wall Ø Empire extended into Tibet, Vietnam, and Manchuria Ø
Tang Dynasty Ø Korea was conquered and vassal kingdom, Silla, established Ø Scholar-gentry used to administer vast lands Ø Scholar-gentry used to offset nobles Ø Civil service exam expanded Ø Merit important but nobles found place in scholar-gentry
Tang Dynasty Buddhism found home in China due to patronage by royal family Ø Buddhism became strong social, economic, and political force Ø Attempt made by Empress Wu to elevate Buddhism to state religion Ø
Tang Dynasty Ø Rise of Buddhism in China (mid 9 th century) Ø Buddhism changed by Chinese society Ø Buddhism seen as threat by Confucians and Daoists Ø Why?
Tang Dynasty Ø Ø Ø Buddhists restricted and persecuted Buddhism survived but severely weakened Emperor Xanzong and concubine, Yang Guifei Revolts killed many of Yang’s relativesforced emperor to execute Yang Rebellions, breakaway provinces, and weak rulers brought end to Tang Yang Guifei
Song Dynasty Last Tang emperor forced to resign Ø Emperor Taizu reunited much of China but north remained under control of nomadic Jin Ø Song paid tribute to nomads Ø Military came under control of governmentincreasing status of scholar-gentry Ø Emperor Taizu
Song Dynasty Civil service exams became routine- every three years at three levels: district, province, and imperial Ø Rise of Neo-Confucianism Ø q q Stressed morality as highest goal Hostile to outside influences and ideas Stress on traditionalism stifled technological innovation and creative thought Emphasized rank, obligation, deference, and gender distinctions
Song Dynasty Decline due to financial stress: tribute payments to northern nomads, cost of maintaining large army on border Ø Increased taxes caused social unrest Ø Army poorly led and equipped due to control by scholar-gentry Ø Reforms between 1070 -1090 by Chief Minister Wang Anshi: cheap loans, taxes on landlords and scholar-gentry, establishment of trained mercenary army Ø
Song Dynasty Ø Reforms opposed by scholar-gentry Ø Reforms ended with death of emperor and influence of Neo-Confucianism on succeeding emperor Ø North forces shrinking of Song into rump state Ø Song conquered by Mongols
Golden Age of China Grand Canal expanded by Tang caused shift in populations within China Ø South saw increase in population and food production Ø Canal increased communication within China, increased revenues, opened up south to commerce Ø Silk Road, cut by nomads, was re-opened and revitalized by Tang Ø
The Silk Road
Golden Age of China Ø Ø Ø Ø Increased sea trade under Tang and Song Use of Chinese Junks Trade and markets regulated Guilds established Deposit shops (banks) Paper money Flying money (credit vouchers) Chinese Junk
Golden Age of China Levels of urbanization not seen in West until Industrial Revolution Ø Industry- iron production greater in Song than in Britain during Industrial Revolution Ø
Life in China Ø Canal allowed peasants to market produce throughout empire Ø Large estates broken up for peasant landaccompanying loss of power of nobility Ø Power of males intensified. Child who struck parents could be beheaded. Child who struck older sibling could get 2 ½ years hard labor
Life in China Chinese women making silk Marriage put off until late in life- as late as 30 for scholargentry Ø Women could divorce Ø Neo-Confucianism reinforced male dominance Ø Foot binding became visible symbol of women’s subjugation Ø
Life in China Ø Foot binding q q q Symbol of women’s subjugation Started with upper classes Began around age 5 -6 Limited women’s mobility Practice spread to peasant class Seen as attractiveunbound feet would severely limit marriage prospects
Life in China Ø Technological advances q q q Most basic types of bridges developed (truss, suspension, etc. ) Application of gunpowder for weaponry Compass first used for navigation Abacus Moveable type
COT: Post-Classical China 600 -1450 Ø In Post-Classical China (600 -1450) the mandate of heaven remained a way to determine dynastic succession providing structure through rebuilding of infrastructure (Great Wall and the new Grand Canal linking the Yangtze to the Yellow Rivers), the role of the civil service bureaucracy would facilitate sound political decision making through the organization of the economy based on Confucian principles, however, trade would increase expanding both China’s size (during the Tang Dynasty) and their hegemony (Sinification of Korea, Viet Nam and Japan) and extension of maritime (junk ship trade across the Indian Ocean) and caravan trade (across the silk routes). Ø In post-classical China the increase in trade (proto-industrialism/commercial expansion) would lead Tang-Song China to actively pursue tributary ties. The influence of Buddhism through trade routes would lead to great internal conflict eventually developing into neo-Confucianism. With all of this trading influence, however, the status of merchants would not be elevated based on Confucian principles.
From 600 -1450 in China, predominant meritocracy would help organized bureaucracy with the civil service exam, however, reaction to elevated women's status would see their roles increasingly constricted through foot binding and the economic advances would illustrate the worlds first commercial revolution with the establishment of banks, paper currency and letters of credit. A well-qualified bureaucracy where individuals worked for the purpose of doing a job well-done seemed to satisfy both the relations of the 5 relationships and ensured a well-run Dynasty to continue maintaining the Mandate of Heaven. Individuals who would pass this rigorous examination would benefit the government by performing their duties to the best of their abilities which happened to be proven by their scholarly aptitude. Women whose subservience was reinforced by Confucianism and Ban Zhou's "the admonition of women" saw a reversal of fortune briefly under the only female ruler (Empress Wu) but served to frighten patriarchal China into a backlash of binding girl's feet to render them immobile and unable to perform duties outside the house. State sponsorship of the economy (monopoly) sought to control financial affairs to garner more revenue for the bourgeoning sizable populations ( champa rice? ) so they began creating ways like creating paper currency, banking institutions and guilds to increase the wealth of China with the new economic focus. The culture of China caught onto this process and young girls received higher dowry payments for bound feet and the "Golden Lotus" became the most coveted size 3 inch shoe which signified ideal beauty These institutions would allow the transfer of goods, payment of taxes and generation of the support for businesses ( silk production, porcelain production, lacquerware production) to bring more wealth and favorable balance of trade to post-classical China
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