Do Now no sheet today Pick up a

Do Now (no sheet today) • Pick up a laptop for yourself • Open school website

Assignment • Complete Diabetes intro Assignment QUIETLY • 40 minute classes, work quickly • First, take notes on powerpoint and answer questions, then complete Venn Diagram: DUE TODAY

Diabetes – What is it? • Body is not producing or has lost sensitivity to insulin • Insulin is a hormone that allows sugars (glucose) to enter into each cell of your body • Insulin is produced in the body by the pancreas

Anatomy of the Pancreas • A gland/organ that lies behind the stomach • Secretes insulin from beta cells • Secretes glucagon from alpha cells

Insulin & other hormones • Insulin – hormone that lowers blood glucose • Glucagon – hormone that increases blood glucose when needed • Somatostatin – hormone that can suppress both insulin and glucagon when needed

How does Insulin work? • A person normally secretes insulin in response to an elevated blood sugar level • Insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into cells • Cells will not allow blood sugar in without insulin – this can cause a problem

Types of Diabetes • Type I – body does not produce any insulin • Type II – body has lost sensitivity to insulin • Secondary – a consequence from another disease (Ex: pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis) • Gestational Diabetes – Diabetes during pregnancy • Pre-diabetes – an intermediate between normal and diabetes

Why isn’t the body making insulin? • In type I, the body has made a big mistake – It attacks the beta cells and kills them. Beta cells are the cells of the pancreas which produce insulin • In type II, the pancreas is still making insulin, their bodies have become insulin resistant

Type I • Usually diagnosed in children and young adults • Must take daily insulin shots • Accounts for 5 -10% of the diabetic population

Type II • The more common form of the disease • Approximately 50% of men and 70% of women are obese when diagnosed • Nearing epidemic proportions – Increased # of older Americans – Greater occurrence of obesity – Sedentary lifestyles

Symptoms • • • Polyphasia – Excessive eating Polyurea – Excessive urination Polydypsia – excessive fluid intake Blurred vision Poor wound healing

Diagnosis • <110 mg/dl is normal fasting blood glucose • 110 -126 mg/dl is impaired fasting glucose • >126 mg/dl is diagnosed as diabetes (fasting blood glucose) • Glucose tolerance testing: 200+ mg/dl at 2 hour mark

Complications • Excess sugar in blood damages blood vessels and filtering systems (leading to nerve damage) • Causes issues with: – Kidney – Heart – Nerve Damage – Feet – Eyes

Blood glucose monitoring • Diabetics must keep track of blood glucose levels • Check several times a day • Gives diabetic good indication of what affects their blood sugar and how

Oral Medications • Sulfonylurea- stimulates body to make more insulin • Metformin – lowers blood sugar by helping insulin work better

Hypoglycemia • Low Blood Sugar • Happens to everyone with diabetes • Symptoms: Shakiness, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, tingling sensations

Treatment - hypoglycemia • Sugar! • Fruit juice, candy, glucose tablets • If untreated, patient could pass out

Hyperglycemia • • High blood sugar Not enough insulin Too much food Too little exercise

Testing • Glucose Tolerance Test – Glucose Tolerance Testing (Gateway) monitors the amount of sugar in the liquid portion of blood called plasma, over a set time period and gives doctors information as to how the body utilizes sugar • Insulin Level Testing – The level of insulin in the blood helps doctors further define a diagnosis of diabetes. Type 1 diabetics do not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetics produce insulin, but the body does not permit this hormone to effectively do its job.

In-class Assignment • Answer the following conclusion questions based on your notes and the link posted to the school website: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe how Glucose Tolerance Testing can be used to diagnose diabetes. Explain why insulin injections are not the course of treatment for all diabetics. Explain how lifestyle choices can impact a person’s risk for developing diabetes. What do you think it means if doctors say that a person is “pre -diabetic”? Using information from this activity, explain the basic relationship between insulin and glucose. Go back to the school website, complete the Venn diagram Assignment