Do Now In your notebook answer this prompt

Do Now: In your notebook, answer this prompt: What was the Revolution of 1800? Was it really a revolution? Homework: • • • Complete Essay #10 TYPE THE ESSAY! You will need it saved to a USB or Google Drive for class. You will be submitting it to turnitin. com

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency 1800 -1808 • “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. ” • The Louisiana Purchase • The Marshall Court • Foreign Affairs…

Thomas Jefferson: The Revolution of 1800 • The victory of Jefferson and the Dem-Rep marked the end of the Federalist Decade • The election of 1800 has been referred to as a revolution b/c the party in power gave up power peacefully after losing an election

“We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. ” With this inaugural address, Jefferson bridged the gap between both parties. Jefferson gained Federalist support: • National Bank • Debt Repayment • Neutrality Jefferson gained Republican support: • Smaller military • Repealed excise taxes. • Reduced the national debt.

Thomas Jefferson: Jeffersonian Democracy • The yeoman farmer best exemplifies virtue & independence from the corrupting influence of cities, bankers, financiers, and industrialists • The federal govt must not violate the rights of the states – “States rights” is proclaimed in the Kentucky and Virginia Solutions • Freedom of speech & the press are essential rights, since govts must be closely watched – Alien and Sedition Acts violated this principle • The scope & activities of the federal govt should be reduced – The President should practice republican simplicity

Jefferson’s Best Known Achievement 1. 2. The Louisiana Purchase Spain was forced to give Louisiana to France in 1800. France lost interest in the land – Fighting with England/Toussaint L’Ouverture rebellion in Haiti were both costly. 3. The US sent foreign ministers to France offering $10 million for New Orleans and the land west of Florida. – France offered New Orleans + the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Lewis & Clark (Corps ofaccepted. Discovery) Constitutional Issue: US ministers Does the President have the power to purchase land? Guided by Shoshone Sacajawea Results of exploring the Louisiana Wavered on strict interpretation of Constitution Territory (1804): Consequences: Federalists opposed this : 1. Gained geographic and scientific 1. They Size ofviewed the U. S. the doubled. growing frontier as knowledge of the territory 2. oppositional Guaranteed expansion territory to past thethe Federalist Mississippi River. 2. Strengthened US claims to Oregon 3. party Jefferson’s hope: the US would be an agrarian Territory society • New instead England of an urban, industrial society. 3. Established positive relations with 4. Jefferson • Merchants was popular Native Americans in the west 5. Federalists • Atlantic were coast seen cities as weak and sectionalist. 4. Created maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

Thomas Jefferson: The Louisiana Purchase • Origins in TJ’s desire to acquire the port of New Orleans to provide an outlet for Western crops • Failure of French army to suppress slave revolt in Haiti played a role in motivating Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory • Purchasing the LA Territory violated TJ’s belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution TJ had to be pragmatic to do what was best for the country • TJ hoped to perpetuate an agricultural society by making abundant lands available to future generations • The LA Purchase was America’s largest land acquisition EVER

Foreign Affairs 1. 2. 3. 4. Barbary Pirates – – – The US paid tributes, so pirates wouldn’t attack US merchant ships. US fought Tripoli for 4 years. RESULTS: 1) Respect 2)US Vessel Protection Napoleonic Wars (between Britain & France) – Britain captured US sailors and forced them to join the British Navy. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – – Off the Virginia coast, Leopold (GB) fired at the Chesapeake (US) 3 were killed anti-British feeling diplomacy; not war. Embargo Act (to stop GB from violating the rights of neutral nations) – – – US merchants couldn’t sail to foreign ports (=financial hardship) Harmed New England’s shipbuilding industry There was a movement for New England to secede.

Analyze. .

Evaluate: Was Jefferson consistent with his philosophy? Jeffersonian Principles: -Strict YES Pardoned those prosecuted under Alien Sedition Acts Left most of the Hamiltonian financial framework in tact— Bank, Debt repayment program Naturalization law of 1802 (reduced requirements passed under Federalists) Barbary war Developed a “mosquito fleet” of ships Eliminated excise taxes Louisiana Purchase Lowered the national debt Maintained neutrality between France and Britain Reduced military Embargo Act –excessive use of federal power? Constructionist -States’ Rights; limited federal government -Diplomacy over war -Agrarian individualism NO Used peaceful coercion— Embargo Act

John Marshall and Marshall Court • 1801 -1835 John Marshall was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years. • Though Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, he was a Federalist. • John Marshall believed that the U. S. would be best served by concentrating power in a strong central govt • Under Chief Justice John Marshall, Supreme Court decisions tended to promote business enterprise • Under Marshall’s leadership, the Supreme Court upheld the supremacy of federal legislation over state legislation

Marshall Court Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Adams’ “midnight appointments” of Federalist judges (Judiciary Act of 1801) tried to weaken the incoming Democratic Republicans who refused to commission them • Jefferson tells Secretary of State Madison not to deliver appointments Marbury sued! • The case established the principle of judicial review • Judicial review gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional • Marshall deems Marbury’s appointment legal according to the Judiciary Act of 1789 • BUT, deems the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional b/c gave more power to courts than constitution allowed • Marbury v. Madison was one of a series of landmark decisions by Chief Justice John Marshall that strengthened federal govt

Marshall Court Dartmouth College v. Woodward • The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected contracts from state encroachments • The ruling safeguarded business enterprise from interference by state governments • A State could not alter a contract for a private institution. Mc. Culloch v. Maryland • The court struck down a Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of the National Bank • The Federal government can create a bank; the state cannot tax a federal institution.

James Madison’s Presidency 1808 -1816 • Foreign Problems • The War of 1812 – Origins – Battles & Strategy – Opposition – The U. S. Navy • Consequences of the War of 1812

Madison: Foreign Problems Madison had the same problems as Jefferson 1. Nonintercourse Act: 1. Americans could trade with everyone except Britain and France. 2. Macon’s Bill No. 2: 1. Restored trade with both Britain and France. Offered to cut trade with the one if the other offered protection. 2. Napoleon claimed they would respect US neutrality, so US cut trade with Britain; France continued seizing US ships.

Origins of the War of 1812 1. Violation of US neutrality at sea. 2. The western frontier: – France, Spain & Britain were keeping the United States from acquiring more land. 3. Pro-French, anti-British sentiment – – – France had overthrown their monarchy. British sea violations had been more blatant. Great Britain = “Cruel enemy” (from Revolutionary War) The Battle of Tippecanoe: • Americans ended Tecumseh’s efforts to create a Native American confederacy (to defend their lands). • The British had helped the Native Americans.

Home Front and Strategy in the War of 1812 • Madison declared war (after GB agreed to end the US blockade). • In 1812, he was re-elected. Strategy • Madison’s hope for victory: – Napoleon would be successful in Europe. – US would launch a land campaign against Canada. New Young Republicans = “WAR HAWKS” (Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun) Believed that war with Great Britain would: ü Defend the United States’ honor ü Gain Canada ü Destroy Native American resistance Opponents of “Mr. Madison’s War” Included: 1. New England merchants • (profited from the European war) • (sympathize w/ Brit not Fr. Catholic) 2. Federalist Politicians • (saw the war as a Democratic. Republican scheme to conquer Florida and California) 3. Quids [Old Republicans] • (felt the war violated the Republican commitment to limited power and ) 1. 2. • 3. CANADA: 3 -part invasion The British put these down. Detroit Niagara Lake Champlain In 1814, Napoleon was defeated. – Great Britain increased forces in the US. • Set fire to the White House, Capitol, and government buildings – The US held out at Fort Mc. Henry (Baltimore). • Francis Scott Keyes wrote the “Star Spangled Banner. ” Southern Strategy: General Andrew Jackson • Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Creek Nations’ power eliminated (land open to settlers) • Battle of New Orleans (fought after the treaty) TREATY OF GHENT (stalemate) 1. Halt fighting. 3. Return to pre-war 2. Return conquered land boundary between the US & Canada

The Hartford Convention Federalists in New England • Radicals favored secession, but was not adopted by the majority • Proposed 2/3 vote to declare war • Then…. New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent came – Federalists were viewed as unpatriotic – Very weakened and power faded away

James Madison: The War of 1812 Causes: • British impressments of American navy • British interference with American commerce (Leopold incident) • British aid to Native Americans on the frontier Consequences: • Contributed to the demise of the Federalist party (Hartford Convention) • Intensifying nationalistic feelings • Promoting industrialization (Embargo and Non. Intercourse Acts) • Advancing the career of Andrew Jackson (Battle of New Orleans and Seminole Wars)

Monroe’s Presidency: “The Era of Good Feelings” Presidency = 18161824 1816: Monroe easily defeated his opponent. 1820: Monroe received all but 1 electoral vote.

Monroe’s Presidency: The Era of Good Feelings? Known for: • Acquisition of Florida • Missouri Compromise • Monroe Doctrine Good Feelings: • Nationalism • Unity • Optimism • Republican-dominated Politics • The demise of the Federalist Party left Dem. Reps in control of Congress and the presidency Bad Feelings: • Many debates – – Tariffs National bank Internal improvements Public land sales • Sectionalist tensions (slavery) • Antagonism in Republican party (would soon break into two parties) • Panic of 1819

Agenda 1. Do Now: Finish Review 2. Complete Presidents Compare on page 9/10 in packet don’t use notes 3. Era of Good Feelings? 4. Turn it in. com 5. Quiz HW: Chapter 11 notes and review

He was a leader in the House of Representatives. Henry Clay’s American System This was a method for advancing economic growth. 1. Protective Tariff (1816) – This would promote American manufacturing and raise money for roads & canals (to benefit the east). 2. Second National Bank of the United States (1816) – Maintaining a national currency would keep the economy running smoothly. 3. Internal Improvements – He hoped that these would promote growth in the West and South. Monroe insisted that no federal funds be used for internal improvements; he vetoed this, making states pay for these. B/C of its dependence on agricultural plantations and slave labor, the South benefited least from the era of internal improvements

The 1 st Major Financial Panic in the United States The Panic of 1819 Because European agriculture was damaged during the Napoleonic Wars, US agriculture was profitable. The National Bank lent money to anyone for western land (hoping it would increase in value quickly). When the bank slowed down its lending and the value of land dropped, many people owed more than their land was worth, and they couldn’t pay for it. • The 2 nd National Bank tightened credit, which caused the value of the dollar to drop. • Unemployment rose. • Bankruptcy increased. • Many people were sent to debtor’s prison (especially in the West). Voters called for LAND REFORM. • They opposed the National Bank & Debtors Prisons. The Republican Party was strained & split: Old Republican Ideals (= Democratic Party) Limited government Strict interpretation of the Constitution. Monroe’s 2 nd Term: Sectionalism & political factions rose. Federalist Agenda (= Republican Party) Large army & navy Second Bank of the United States

Westward Expansion & The Missouri Compromise 1. 2. 3. 4. Reasons for Westward Expansion Acquired Native American lands Economic pressure – – New England had $ problems. Southern tobacco & cotton planters needed new land. Transportation Revolution – 1. 2. 3. 4. Roads, canals, steamboats, & railroads 1. Europeans sought cheap land in the West. 2. Immigrants – Issues in Western States Easy credit (from state banks) Cheap land Improved transportation Slavery (disagreement) Clay’s Missouri Compromise 1. Missouri would become a slave state. 2. Maine would become a free state. 3. 36° 30’ line: No. = free; So. = slave. South: needed labor in the cotton fields North: no need for slavery The Tallmadge oneaproposal Slavery in. Amendment= Western Territories Missouri’s statehood became debate. 1. No more slaves in Missouri. Congress sought a sectional • This could tip the balance in Congress. 2. Children of current slaves would bemajority freed at 25 House of Representatives: northern • Thisyears raised the question of whether slavery of age. Senate: equal (eachincould block legislation) would Louisiana Territory. Seen asbe an allowed effort to endthe slavery; blocked. • • • Results of the Missouri Compromise There was sectional balance for 30 years. Controversy damaged the “Era of Good Feelings” Americans were torn between nationalism & sectionalism.

Foreign Affairs under Monroe 1. • • 2. • • • CANADA Rush-Bagot Agreement: Limit Navy on the Great Lakes US & Canada = largest unfortified boundary in the world Treaty of 1818 Shared fishing rights (Newfoundland) 10 years: joint occupation of Oregon territory Established US-Canada boundary • • • FLORIDA Spain had trouble governing it because of revolts in South America. Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws led raids into the US from FL. Monroe allowed Jackson to take military action (it was excessive). Fortunately, neither Spain nor Great Britain responded with a call for war. THE ADAMS-ONIS TREATY: 1. 2. Spain gave Florida and the Oregon territory to the U. S. The United States gave up claims to Texas. EUROPE • There was a backlash against democracies (restored monarchies were supporting each other: Russia, France, Austria, Prussia) • This was seen as a threat to the US (needed to maintain its territory) and Great Britain (needed to trade in Latin America & protect Canada from Russia). Should the United States & Great Britain respond jointly? ? ?

James Monroe: The Monroe Doctrine • 1823 • = a unilateral declaration of principles that asserted American independence from Europe in foreign policy – 1. 2. 3. The U. S. decided to issue a statement alone because… They knew Britain would stand behind their policy. No European power would go to war with South America Joint action with Britain would limit US opportunity for expansion. • Asserted that the political system in the Western Hemisphere is different and separate from that of Europe • It warned European nations against further colonial ventures into the Western Hemisphere • It promised that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations • It was successful b/c of the power of the British navy

Jackson v. Adams The Election of 1824 4 candidates from the same party ran for President: – John Q. Adams • *won the presidency* with the help of the House of Representatives – Henry Clay • Political maneuvering Secretary of State – William Crawford – Andrew Jackson • Got the most popular votes, but no electoral majority “Corrupt Bargain” = divisive and bitterly contested. John Quincy Adams’s Presidency • Jackson’s followers were alienated: – Internal improvements – Aid to manufacturing – National university – Astronomical observatory (Jackson saw these as a waste of $$) • New Tariff Law (“Tariff of Abominations”) – Satisfied northern manufacturers – Angered the South

Turnitin. com • A 6/7 = 7217644 • Password = ilovehistory The First 6 Presidents Father and son

Turn it in Codes • A ½ = 7217641 • A 3/5 = 7217636