Do Now Describe the 3 forms of encoding

Do Now • Describe the 3 forms of encoding

Unit 7 A : Cognition Memory Intro & Info Processing – Part 1 Encoding

Introduction • Memory • Continuing to learning over time by storing and retrieving information • Memory Extremes • research on memory extremes has helped us understand how memory works • Extremes would be amnesia or photographic memory

Memory System • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • The process of how we form, retain and get info out

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model • Older understanding of the stages of memory • Sensory memory • Immediate & brief • Info taken in by the senses • EX: taking in the faces in the crowd • Short-term memory • Things remembered briefly • Forgotten shortly after • EX: a phone number you say over and over until you dial it • Long-term memory • Permanente memories • Knowledge, skills, experiences • EX: how to ride a bike

Updated Understanding • Connectionism • Modern info-processing model of memory • Memories are from interconnected neural networks • Modified version of 3 - stage • Sensory taking in incoming info • Short term encode through rehearsal • Long term store for later retrieval and use • Some info can go directly to long term • Inclusion of working memory • Active processing

Modified 3 -Stage Processing Model of Memory

Encoding – How we encode • Encoding • How we get info in • Automatic processing • Effortful processing

Automatic Processing • Automatic processing • Things being processed without conscious effort • Space, time, frequency, well learned info • EX: Knowing the way in which you walked to the store • Parallel processing • Doing many things at once • Multi-tasking without effort

Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires conscious effort • EX: Vocab definitions • Achieved through rehearsal • Conscious repetition

Some information such as where you ate dinner yesterday you process automatically. Other information such as this unit’s concepts requires effort to encode and remember

Getting Info In via Effortful Processing • Overlearning • after we learn material, additional rehearsal (overlearning) increases retention • Spacing effect • we retain better when rehearsal is distributed over time • Cramming helps short term but spacing helps better long term • Mass practice vs. distributed practice • EX: studying for test over 4 days instead of just the day before • Testing effect • Repeated quizzing of already learned material • Serial Position effect • Remembering the first and last things best • Recency vs. primacy • EX: remembering first food on grocery list or last thing you wrote on it

What we encode • Levels of Processing • Visual encoding • Pictures, images • Acoustic encoding • Sounds, sounds of words • Semantic encoding • Meaning, meaning of words • Self-reference effect • Good recall for info we can meaningfully relate to ourselves

Types of Encoding

Visual Encoding • Mental pictures aid in remembering • Imagery • • Mental pics Aids in effortful processing Imagery + semantic encoding = good Rosy retrospection • Recalling high points while forgetting the bad • Mnemonics • • Memory aids Use vivid imagery Can have visual and acoustic encoding EX: PEMDAS for order of operations

Organizing Info for Encoding • Chunking • Acronym • Can be a mnemonic device • EX: WPA = Works Project Administration • Hierarchies • Dividing concepts into smaller more manageable parts

Today • Questions • Introduce Memory Brochure • Samples along side board • Individual • Due : Wed 11/20 at the beginning of class • Begin Working on HW or Project • HW = Info Processing – Part 2 Storage