Do Now 2 List at least 3 major
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Do Now 2 List at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 3 Agenda Do Now Objectives What is the most dangerous bone to break? What is the most commonly broken bone(s)? Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 4 What do you understand by the expressions: Bone tired? Dry as a bone? Bag of bones? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 5 Where are the majority of our bones? In our head, hands, feet, or vertebra? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Over half your bones are found in your hands and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 in each hand. 26 x 2 = 52 27 x 2 = 54 _____ 106 (total bones: 206 – 106 = 100)
Skeletal System - Do Now 6 How well do you know the major bones? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue What is the best way to remember them? Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System Write a quiz for your partner and score a pre and post grade. Based on your notes, please write down the 20 major bones labeled on the skeleton handout Write a pneumonic device to remember the major bones of the body. Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now How are you memorizing the bones? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions How are bones differentiated from one another? Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now Without looking at your notes – Please list the 7 main bones of our legs and the 6 major bones in our arms! Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 1 What is the most painful injury you have ever had? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Have you ever broken a bone? Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Objectives Content: Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of long bones. Language: List three functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
You already know a lot!!! You are probably aware of many functions for the skeletal system! For example: What does it do? What can go wrong? Where are our bones?
The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
The Skeletal System Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
AXIAL SKELETON THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE.
AXIAL SKELETON GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND SUPPORTING.
AXIAL SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.
APPENDICULAR SKELETONS
Functions of Bones 1. SUPPORT 2. PROTECTION 3. MOVEMENT 4. MINERAL STORAGE 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
1. Support 2. The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column support the weight of the erect body. The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth. Other bones support various organs and tissues. Protection The bones of the skull protect the brain. Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the lungs and heart. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord. 3. Movement
4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone. 85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone. Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain bones. 5. Hematopoiesis A. k. a. blood cell formation. All blood cells are made in the marrow of certain bones.
Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 2 b
Scene 3 (1) 1. What is a parry fracture? What does that mean? 2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar fractures are several years old? 3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this have something to do with abuse? 4. What causes bone to become ridged and grooved 5. What is an avulsion fracture?
Parry Fracture Monteggia's fracture one in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.
Osteophytic : A small, abnormal bony outgrowth. An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.
Scene 3 (2) 6. What is remodeling? 7. What is a long bone? Why would these be particularly robust? 8. What are other kinds of bones? 9. What does lumbar mean? 10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic? 11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living relevant?
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE Agenda Do Now Objectives THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON Bones Intro COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES. Functions BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE Bone Tissue INTO: Shapes of bones LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR. tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Agenda Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape. Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 1
Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
LONG BONES v. Long bones are longer than they are wide. v. Long bones have 2 epiphyses, and a diaphysis. v. All of the bones of the limbs, except the patella, ankle, and wrist, are long bones.
Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
SHORT BONES v. Short bones are cube shaped, nearly equal in length and width. v. The bones of the wrist and ankle are examples of short bones.
Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
FLAT BONES v. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved. v. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most of the bones of the skull are flat bones.
Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue classification categories Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Example: Vertebrae and hip Changes Cells Closing
IRREGULAR BONES v. Irregular bones have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. v. The vertebrae, the bones of the hip, and some facial bones.
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5. 1
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 2 a
Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5. 2 c
Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue pes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 2 a
Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5. 2 a
Bone Markings Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface Depressions or cavities – indentations Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System) Central (Haversian) canal A unit of bone Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae Detail of Figure 5. 3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Detail of Figure 5. 3
Skeletal System - Do Now List at least three problems that can occur in the skeletal system (from what we have seen as see what your own experience). Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
Long Bone Formation and Growth Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 4 a
Long Bone Formation and Growth Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5. 4 b
With a partner One person, please list all 7 the major bones in the leg The other person, please list the 6 major bones in the arm Between the two of you, please describe the four kinds of bones, and give examples of each.
Types of Bone Cells Agenda Do Now Osteocytes Objectives Mature bone cells Bones Intro Osteoblasts Functions Bone-forming cells Bone Tissue Osteoclasts Shapes of bones Bone-destroying cells Anatomy of long Break down bone matrix for remodeling bones and release of calcium Changes Bone remodeling is a process by both Cells osteoblasts and osteoclasts Closing
OSSIFICATION THREE TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN BOTH MECHANISM OF OSSIFICATION: 1. OSTEOBLASTS 2. OSTEOCLASTS 3. OSTEOCYTES
BONE GROWTH THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH: 1. LONGITUDINAL--LENGTH 2. APPOSITIONAL--DIAMETER
Epiphyseal plate LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH
Osteoblast APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH
BONE GROWTH
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS: 1. HORMONES 2. VITAMIN D—MILK 3. CALCIUM—MILK 4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS 5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT
IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM RICKETS 1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO LACK OF VITAMIN D. 2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED. 3. BOWING OF THE BONES.
Rickets
IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOMALACIA 1. RICKETS IN ADULTS 2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D 3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN BONE. 4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT IS PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE.
IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOPOROSIS 1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER THAN BONE DEPOSITION. 2. CAUSES: A. LACK OF ESTROGEN B. LACK OF EXERCISE C. INADEQUATE INTAKE D. LACK OF VITAMIN D
IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOPOROSIS 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST VULNERABLE. B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT SNEEZING OR STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES. 4. TREATMENT A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS. B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT C. INCREAE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE.
IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Closing/Homework Can you do this now? Content: Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of long bones. Language: List three functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing
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