DNA Technology The Human Genome The sequence of

DNA Technology

The Human Genome �The sequence of the nitrogenous bases found on the 23 pairs of chromosomes �There are roughly 3 billion nitrogenous bases in one complete set

The Human Genome Project � 1990 -2000 s �A consortium of many scientists worked to sequence the entirety of the human genome �Francis Collins was Director of the publicly-funded part of the project �Craig Ventner was President of Celera Genomics, a private company

The Human Genome Project �Controversy: �Who “owns” the sequence of the human genome? �A private company with the rights to this sequence would potentially be worth billions of dollars

The Human Genome Project �In 2003, the HGP and Celera Genomics simultaneously published the sequence and released it on the internet for anyone to use

Chromosome 1 � TAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCTAACCCTAACC CTACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTCGCGGTACCCTCAGCCGGCCCGGGTCTGACCTGAGGAGAACTGTGCTCCGCCTTCAGAGTACCACCGAAATCTGTGCAGAGGAC AACGCAGCTCCGCCCTCGCGGTGCTCTCCGGGTCTGTGCTGAGGAGAACGCAACTCCGCCGTTGCAAAGG CGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAG AGAGGCGCGCCGGCGCAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGCAGGCGC AGAGAGGCGCGCCGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTACCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGC AGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCACCGCGCCGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCG TGGCGCAGAGACGCAAGCCTACGGGGGTTGGGGGGGCGTGTGTTGCAGGAGCAAAGTCGC ACGGCGCCGGGCTGGGGCGGGGGGAGGGTGGCGCCGTGCACGCGCAGAAACTCACGGTGGCGCGG CGCAGAGACGGGTAGAACCTCAGTAATCCGAAAAGCCGGGATCGACCGCCCCTTGCAGCCGGGCAC TACAGGACCCGCTTGCTCACGGTGCTGTGCCAGGGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGACTAGGGCAACTGCAGGGCT CTCTTGCTTAGAGTGGTGGCCAGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGCCGGGGCACTGCAGGGCCCTCTTGCTTACTGT ATAGTGGTGGCACGCCGCCTGCTGGCAGCTAGGGACATTGCAGGGTCCTCTTGCTCAAGGTGTAGTGGCA GCACGCCCACCTGCTGGCAGCTGGGGACACTGCCGGGCCCTCTTGCTCCAACAGTACTGGCGGATTATAG GGAAACACCCGGAGCATATGCTGTTTGGTCTCAGTAGACTCCTAAATATGGGATTCCTGGGTTTAAAAGT

Chromosome 1 � AAAAAATATGTTTAATTTGTGAACTGATTACCATCAGAATTGTACTGTTCTGTATCCCACCAGCAA TGTCTAGGAATGCCTGTTTCTCCACAAAGTGTTTACTTTTGGATTTTTGCCAGTCTAACAGGTGAAGCCC TGGAGATTCTTATTAGTGATTTGGGCTGGGGCCTGGCCATGTGTATTTTTTTAAATTTCCACTGATGATT TTGCTGCATGGCCGGTGTTGAGAATGACTGCGCAAATTTGCCGGATTTCCTTTGCTGTTCCTGCATGTAG TTTAAACGAGATTGCCAGCACCGGGTATCATTCACCATTTTTCGTTAACTTGCCGTCAGCCTTTT CTTTGACCTCTTCTGTTCATGTGTATTTGCTGTCTCTTAGCCCAGACTTCCCGTGTCCTTTCCACC GGGCCTTTGAGAGGTCACAGGGTCTTGATGCTGTGGTCTTCATCTGCAGGTGTCTGACTTCCAGCAACTG CTGGCCTGTGCCAGGGTGCAAGCTGAGCACTGGAGTTTTCCTGTGGAGAGGAGCCATGCCTAGAG TGGGATGGGCCATTGTTCATCTTCTGGCCCCTGTTGTCTGCATGTAACTTAATACCACAACCAGGCATAG GGGAAAGATTGGAGGAAAGATGAGAGCATCAACTTCTCTCACAACCTAGGCCAGTAGTGCTT GTGCTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGATACGTGGCCCTCGCTCCAGCAGCTGGACCCCTACCTGCCGTCTG CTGCCATCGGAGCCCAAAGCCGGGCTGTGACTGCTCAGACCAGCCGGCTGGAGGGGCTCAGCAGGT CTGGCTTTGGCCCTGGGAGAGCAGGTGGAAGATCAGGCCATCGCTGCCACAGAACCCAGTGGATTG GCCTAGGTGGGATCTCTGAGCTCAACAAGCCCTCTCTGGGTGGTAGGTGCAGAGACGGGAGGGGCAGAGC CGCAGGCACAGCCAAGAGGGCTGAAGAAATGGTAGAACGGAGCAGCTGGTGATGTGTGGGCCCACCGGCC CCAGGCTCCTGTCTCCCCCCAGGTGTGTGGTGATGCCAGGCATGCCCTTCCCCAGCATCAGGTCTCCAGA GCTGCAGAAGACGACGGCCGACTTGGATCACACTCTTGTGAGTGTCCCCAGTGTTGCAGAGGTGAGAGGA GAGTAGACAGTGGGAGTGGCGTCGCCCCTAGGGCTCTACGGGGCCGGCGTCTCCTGGAG AGGCTTCGATGCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTGATCTTCCCTGTGATGTCATCTGGAGCCCTGCTGCTTGCGGT GGCCTATAAAGCCTCCTAGTCTGGCTCCAAGGCCTGGCAGAGTCTTTCCCAGGGAAAGCTACAAGCAGCA AACAGTCTGCATGGGTCATCCCCTTCACTCCCAGCTCAGAGCCCAGGGGCCCCCAAGAAAGGCTC TGGTGGAGAACCTGTGCATGAAGGCTGTCAACCAGTCCATAGGCAAGCCTGGCTGCCTCCAGCTGGGTCG

Chromosome 1 � ACAGGGGCTGGAGAAGGGGAGAAGAGGAAAGTGAGGTTGCCCTGTCTCCTACCTGAGGCTGA GGAAGGAGAAGGGGATGCACTGTTGGGGAGGCAGCTGTAACTCAAAGCCTTAGCCTCTGTTCCCACGAAG GCAGGGCCATCAGGCACCAAAGGGATTCTGCCAGCATAGTGCTCCTGGACCAGTGATACACCCGGCACCC TGTCCTGGACACGCTGTTGGCCTGGATCTGAGCCCTGGTGGAGGTCAAAGCCACCTTTGGTTCTGCCATT GCTGCTGTGTGGAAGTTCACTCCTGCCTTTTCCCTAGAGCCTCCACCACCCCGAGATCACATTTC TCACTGCCTTTTGTCTGCCCAGTTTCACCAGAAGTAGGCCTCTTCCTGACAGGCAGCTGCACCACTGCCT GGCGCTGTGCCCTTTGCTCTGCCCGCTGGAGACGGTGTTTGTCATGGGCCTGGTCTGCAGGGATCC TGCTACAAAGGTGAAACCCAGGAGAGTGTGGAGTCCAGAGTGTTGCCAGGACCCAGGCATTAGT GCCCGTTGGAGAAAACAGGGGAATCCCGAAGAAATGGTGGGTCCTGGCCATCCGTGAGATCTTCCCAGGG CAGCTCCCCTCTGTGGAATCCAATCTGTCTTCCATCCTGCGTGGCCGAGGGCCAGGCTTCTCACTGGGCC TCTGCAGGAGGCTGCCATTTGTCCTGCCCACCTTCTTAGAAGCGAGACGGAGCAGACCCATCTGCTACTG CCCTTTCTATAATAACTAAAGTTAGCTGCCCTGGACTATTCACCCCCTAGTCTCAATTTAAGAAGATCCC CATGGCCACAGGGCCCCTGGGGGCTTGTCACCTCCCCCACCTTCTTCCTGAGTCATTCCTGCAGCC TTGCTCCCTAACCTGCCCCACAGCCTTGCCTGGATTTCTATCTCCCTGGCTTGGTGCCAGTTCCTCCAAG TCGATGGCACCTCCCTCTCAACCACTTGAGCAAACTCCAAGACATCTTCTACCCCAACACCAGCAA TTGTGCCAAGGGCCATTAGGCTCTCAGCATGACTATTTTTAGAGACCCCGTGTCACTGAAACCTTT TTTGTGGGAGACTATTCCTCCCATCTGCAACAGCTGCCCCTGCTGACTGCCCTTCTCTCCTCTCAT

Functional Genomics �Now that the sequence is known, the next step is to understand it �Functional Genomics: the study of the genes, their functions and how they are controlled

The Human Genome � 3 billion nitrogenous bases in a set �Roughly 20, 000 genes contained in the genome �Coding DNA makes up less than 2% of the genome �Non-coding DNA therefore is more than 98% �Is this DNA “junk” like many believe or does it server a purpose?

Further Controversy �Even though the sequence of the human genome is freely available, who “owns” the information? �If you make a discovery about some part of the human genome, how do you profit from it? �Cloning genes….