DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology Biology 3

DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology Biology 3. 3. 3 Understand the application of DNA technology.

• There is always a chance for a mistake during DNA replication. • There are 3 possible mutations: • Point • Frameshift • Chromosomal Mutation

Point Mutation • One nitrogen base is switched or incorrect. • Changes 1 amino acid. • THE DOG BIT THE CAT. • THE DOG BIT THE CAR. Ex. Sickle cell anemia

• A single nitrogen base • Example: is added or deleted. • This disrupts all following codons! • THE DOG BIT THE CAT. • THE DOG BII TTH ECA T. Frameshift Mutation

• When an entire chromosome is missing or there is an extra chromosome. • Occurs during Meiosis. • Called Non-Disjunction. • In most cases, causes death or sterility. Chromosomal Mutation

Causes of DNA Mutations • Under most circumstances, DNA molecules are very stable. They survive in the nucleus of a cell without undergoing change, and they reproduce themselves during cell division without being damaged. But accidents do occur. • • For example, an X ray passing through a DNA molecule might break the chemical bond that holds two nucleotides together. The DNA molecule is destroyed and is no longer able to carry out its function. •

causes a mutation. • caffeine (found in coffee and colas), • LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogenic drug), • benzo(a)pyrene (found in cigarette and coal smoke), • nitrous oxide (laughing gas), • ozone (a major pollutant when in the lower atmosphere). • X-rays

• is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. DNA Fingerprinting

• an organism which has been modified with genetic material from another speciesby inserting DNA into an embryo with the assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene gun. Transgenic Organism

• Goal is to reduce threats on an organism. • DNA in one organism is expressed in another organism Reason Transgenic Organism

Genetically Modified Organism • Organism genetic material has been altered to benefit the organism GMO Genetically Modified Food • Food that has been altered to reduce pest, pesticides, carbon emission, or “dry crop”

Top GMF

Human Genome Project Gives the complete blue print of EACH GENETIC CODE PRO • Can map out your entire genetic up for diseases or risk factors CON • Can cause liability for insurance companies –No insurance

STEM CELLS occur during FERTILIZATION • derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. [1] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4– 5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50– 150 cells Stem Cell REPAIR ERROR in the Human GENOME

Cystic Fibrosis Fragile X syndrome STEM CELLS –GENETIC DISEASE