DNA Technology DNA fingerprinting protein production gene therapy

DNA Technology • DNA fingerprinting • protein production • gene therapy • GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms • cloning

DNA Technology - Terminology: Restriction Enzyme • cut DNA in specific spots depending on the code in the enzyme Bacterial Vectors • Bacteria that are used to carry pieces of genetic information from other organisms • plasmids – ring shaped pieces of DNA Recombinant DNA • Bacterial plasmid and inserted gene Stem Cells • Cells that have the potential to become any part of the body

Restriction Enzymes: • Used to cut DNA • Enzymes cut at specific base sequences • Ex. AAGGTTC TTCCAAG

Forming Recombinant DNA using Restriction Enzymes: • cut DNA at specific sequences creating small pieces • add DNA from another source • new DNA fragment created • joined by enzymes

Making “customized” bacteria

Uses of DNA technology: (1) DNA fingerprinting • Extract a sample of DNA from blood, saliva, hair, etc. • break cell & nuclear membranes • cut DNA with restriction enzymes • separate DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis • Make DNA visible by staining it fig 11. 2

Gel Electrophoresis: • DNA is a negatively charged molecule • placing it on a special liquid gel and running electricity through the gel will cause DNA to move from the negative pole to the positive pole • the larger fragments move the least • Smaller fragments move the farthest fig 11. 2

Reading the gels: fig 11. 5

Uses of DNA technology: (2) Protein production open plasmid and insert human gene (use restriction enzymes to open and cut DNA) • transfer the plasmid back into bacteria • the bacteria reproduce and create the protein • the protein can then be harvested • Ex. insulin, human growth hormone fig 11. 12

Uses of DNA technology: (3) Gene Therapy • infant has defective gene which causes cells to not function normally • insert normal gene for the child’s defective gene into a virus • use the virus to insert the normal gene into defective stem cell • grow the genetically altered stem cells and then insert them back into the infant • bone marrow stem cells have potential to develop into different blood / immune cells fig 11. 19

Uses of DNA technology: (4) Genetically Modified Organisms • use recombinant DNA to produce organisms with new traits • examples • bt. Corn (resistant to corn borer) • fishberries (can grow in colder weather)

Uses of DNA technology: • clone: genetic replica (4) Cloning • reproductive cloning • transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (a body cell) to an egg which has no nucleus • therapeutic cloning • cells that are created through cloning are grown to form tissues that are a perfect genetic match for the patient. fig 11. 17