DNA Technology Biotechnology general term refers to using

DNA Technology

Biotechnology – (general term) refers to using living organisms to make products (wine, cheese, and yogurt) • Using living organisms to recycle, treat waste, cleanup sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation) • Using living organisms to produce biological weapons (viruses, bacteria, or their toxins)

The Human Genome Project - completed in 2003 • Scientists sequenced and mapped all the human genes • Humans have approximately 34, 000 genes

Gene Therapy- delivers DNA into a patients cells to correct genetic disorders usually by using viruses or bacteria as vectors (carriers) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. Current gene therapy is experimental

Genetic Engineering- purposely changing an organism’s DNA • “cutting and pasting” DNA from one organism and putting it into another organism

Genetically modified organisms: organisms with a genetically altered DNA, by inserting or deleting one or more genes. (animals, plants, or bacteria) • Includes: medicines, vaccines, and foods In 2006, a total of 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted

Transgenic Organisms- living organisms that contain foreign (recombinant) DNA from another species. Includes: bacteria, plants, and animals Tobacco plant with luciferase gene inserted

Transgenic Bacteria: Used to produce human insulin (hormone that causes certain cells to remove glucose from the blood if the level gets too high) Scientists added human insulin gene (DNA code) into bacteria Bacteria reproduce rapidly and pump out lots of human insulin that we use to treat diabetes.

How to Make a Transgenic Bacteria 1. Remove a plasmid from a bacterial cell a) Plasmid – ring of DNA 2. Isolate a foreign gene from a human cell a) Gene for Insulin 3. Cut both samples with a restriction enzyme 4. Combine the gene into the plasmid 5. Place the recombinant DNA back into the bacterial cell

Transgenic animals – animals that contain foreign DNA • Transgenic sheep and goats have been produced that express foreign proteins in their milk. • Transgenic chickens are now able to synthesize human proteins in the "white" of the eggs.

In 2001, scientists in Canada spliced spider genes into the cells of lactating goats. Goats manufacture silk along with their milk Secrete tiny silk strands from their body by the bucketful Scientists weave the silk into thread and create a light, tough, flexible material

Transgenic plants – plants that contain DNA from another organism A bacterial gene is added to certain crops that make the crops resistant to various insects (actually kills the insects that eat the plant) Engineer a Crop http: //www. teachersdomain. org/reso urce/tdc 02. sci. life. gen. engineeracrop/

CLONING BASICS • Take an egg cell and remove its nucleus/DNA • Take a cell from an adult (ex. Skin Cell) • Transfer the adult cell’s nucleus/DNA into the egg • Implant the egg cell into a foster mother and hopefully develops http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

Gel Electrophoresis- method of separating and analyzing DNA fragments

Steps in the Gel Electrophoresis Technique: 1. DNA is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes 2. DNA is loaded into a gel. The gel acts as a maze, allowing smaller fragments of DNA to easily pass through the gel faster than longer ones. 3. With human DNA, this produces a DNA fingerprint • • Most of our DNA is the same, there are segments that are different Scientists run the segments of DNA that have the differences, so everyone’s DNA fingerprint is different

Which kids are Mom and Dad’s biological children? Which kid is Mom’s but not Dad’s biological child? Which kid was adopted into the family?

Used to release criminals that have been wrongly accused of a crime

Who do you think is the suspect? All the bands must match up with the evidence band. S 4

Suspect 3 Who is the suspect? _________

Question: Miss Scarlet was found murdered in the library in the middle of the night. A candlestick lay near the body in a pool of blood. The list of suspects includes wealthy Mrs. Peacock, Professor Plum and even sweet Mrs. White. Who did it? SAME Mrs. White SAME

DNA Fingerprinting Web Activity: http: //www. teachersdomain. org/resource/tdc 02. sci. life. gen. creatednafingerprint/ http: //www. classzone. com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtual. Labs. html

Ethical discussions: Can determine whether individuals carry genes for genetic conditions Could health insurance companies use this information to increase the amount charged to these individuals?

How would you use the information that you carry the BRCA-1 gene mutation that makes you more likely to develop breast cancer? Could you design your baby with the specific traits that you want it to have?