DNA Technology 1 DNA Extraction l l l

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DNA Technology 1

DNA Technology 1

DNA Extraction l l l Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The

DNA Extraction l l l Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky, sticky and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called “spooling” DNA 2

Cutting DNA l Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences l l l Different

Cutting DNA l Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences l l l Different people have different genetic codes so each person will have different sized pieces left over Cuts at restriction sites which is a specific set of nucleotides that form a palindrome Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments for analysis 3

Electrophoresis l l DNA can be separated based on size and charge l The

Electrophoresis l l DNA can be separated based on size and charge l The phosphate groups are negatively charged l Sizes are based on the results of restriction enzymes DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through 4

Electrophoresis l l DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end Smaller

Electrophoresis l l DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end Smaller fragments move farther and faster 5

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Crime scene analysis 7

Crime scene analysis 7

Paternity Testing 8

Paternity Testing 8

Copying DNA l l What to do if the sample size is small? Polymerase

Copying DNA l l What to do if the sample size is small? Polymerase Chain Reaction l l Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 9

PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 10

PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 10

Cloning l l Clone a member of a group of genetically identical cells May

Cloning l l Clone a member of a group of genetically identical cells May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis) 11

Cloning “Dolly” l l Born July 5, 1996 Had three mothers l l One

Cloning “Dolly” l l Born July 5, 1996 Had three mothers l l One provided the egg One provided the DNA One carried the baby Died at 6. 5 years old (normal life span is 11 -12 years) from cancer thought to be unrelated to being a clone 12

Cloning organisms A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another

Cloning organisms A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused l The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo l Human clones in the future? l 13

Human Genome Project (Video) 14

Human Genome Project (Video) 14

Human Genome Project l l l l Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence

Human Genome Project l l l l Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3. 3 billion nucleotides Conducted by scientists around the world All data was made freely and rapidly available on the Internet, accelerating the pace of medical discovery around the globe. This spurred a revolution in biotechnology innovation around the world and played a key role in making the U. S. the global leader in the new biotechnology sector. In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule. 15

What we learned … l l The Human Genome Project has already fueled the

What we learned … l l The Human Genome Project has already fueled the discovery of more than 1, 800 disease genes. Researchers can now find a gene suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years. There are now more than 2, 000 genetic tests for human conditions. At least 350 biotechnologybased products are currently in clinical trials. 16

What we hope to learn … l Much work still remains to be done.

What we hope to learn … l Much work still remains to be done. Despite many important genetic discoveries, the genetics of complex diseases such as heart disease are still far from clear. l The Cancer Genome Atlas (http: //cancergenome. nih. gov/), aims to identify all the genetic abnormalities seen in 50 major types of cancer. Be able to create drugs that are much more effective and cause fewer side effects than those available today. NIH (National Institute of Health) is striving to cut the cost of sequencing an individual’s genome to $1, 000 or less. Having one’s complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage and treat many diseases. The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with non-medical conditions, such as intelligence and personality traits, will challenge society, making the role of ethical, legal and social implications research more important than ever. l l l 17