DNA stands for D Deoxyribose N Nucleic A

DNA stands for: D: Deoxyribose N: Nucleic A: Acid DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder! DNA is a set of instruction for protein construction

Every living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!

Watson and Crick • Outlined the Structure of the DNA

DNA as Genetic Material Macromolecules/Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrate 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) -- Nucleic Acids are made up of _______ --So, DNA and RNA are _____ because they’re made up of nucleotides Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid

Structure of nucleotides 1. Simple sugar (deoxyribose=DNA; ribose=RNA) 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

Structure of nucleotides • • 4 possible nucleotides (one with each nitrogenous base) Nucleotides form long chains * P-group of 1 nucleotide bonds to sugar of adjacent nucleotide P-groups and sugar molecules form backbones of DNA

Deciphering DNA's structure. # of adenine bases = # of _____ bases # of guanine bases = # of _____bases

DNA Structure • Hydrogen bonds Hold DNA strands together • So, bases on one strand determines the bases on the other strand • Paired bases = complementary base pairs • DNA Double helix; long zipper, twisted into a coil

How can organisms be so different from each other if their genetic material is made of the same four nucleotides? -- Different sequences give us VARIATION -- Ex: A T T G A C is different from T C C A A A -- The closer the relationship, the more ____ their DNA nucleotide sequences will be -- Scientists use nucleotide sequences to determine evolutionary relationships

DNA is like a fingerprint because everyone’s is a little different! You can tell people apart by their fingerprints……… and their DNA!

DNA Molecule Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication.

DNA Replication • Occurs just prior to cell division • Produces 2 exact copies of DNA • DNA Replication Website

DNA Replication • Each strand of nucleotides serves as a template for a new DNA molecule 1. Enzyme breaks H-bonds between bases strands separate and “unzip” DNA molecule 2. Free-floating nucleotides attach to base pairs by h-bonding with help of another enzyme 3. Process continues until each molecule unzips and replicates

Replication of DNA https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hy. I 2 m. Yfbbxk

DNA Replication • 5’ CTG • 3’ ACT CCT GAG *new strands are identical to original! *each new strand is a complement of the original, parent strand * Result 2 DNA molecules that are identical *replication occurs quickly! 3’ 5’

DNA Replication • 5’ CTG • 3’ GAC ACT TGA CCT GGA GAG CTC *new strands are identical to original! *each new strand is a complement of the original, parent strand * Result 2 DNA molecules that are identical *replication occurs quickly! 3’ 5’

DNA Replication • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hy. I 2 m. Yf bbxk

QUESTIONS 1. Name one difference between DNA and RNA – DNA: double helix; RNA: single stranded – DNA: A-T, RNA: A-U – DNA: deoxyribose sugar; RNA: ribose 2. What is a similarity of DNA and RNA? - G binds with C in both DNA and RNA - both have sugar and phosphate backbone

QUESTIONS 3. Complete the missing DNA strand by adding the complementary bases ATCGTTCCCATC 4. Make the complementary RNA strand for the single strand of DNA: AATCATCACGTT

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Synthesis • The production (synthesis) of proteins • 3 phases: phases 1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation • Remember: DNA RNA Protein

DNA RNA Protein Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell RNA Processing m. RNA Ribosome Translation Protein

Question: • How does RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? acid)

RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) 3. RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded 4. RNA molecule leaves the nucleus DNA stays in the nucleus 5. RNA is like a page/recipe DNA is like the whole book

1. Transcription Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell RNA Processing m. RNA Ribosome Translation Protein

1. Transcription • The transfer of information in the nucleus from a DNA molecule to an RNA molecule. • Only 1 DNA strand serves as the template • When complete, RNA molecule can be released to the ribosomes. Transcription animation http: //www. stolaf. edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgene tics/transcription. swf

Question: • What is the enzyme responsible for the production of the RNA molecule?

Answer: RNA Polymerase • Separates the DNA molecule by breaking the Hbonds between the bases. (Unzips the DNA) • Then moves along one of the DNA strands and lines up complement RNA nucleotides with DNA. • Bonds the sugar and phosphate groups of the RNA together. Does not bond the nitrogenous bases. • RNA leaves the area between the DNA strands. • DNA zips back up. • RNA is processed and leaves the nucleus.

1. Transcription DNA RNA Polymerase m. RNA in construction

Question: • What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? • DNA: GCGTATG

Answer: • DNA: • RNA: GCGTATG CGCAUAC

Practice: • 5’ CTG • 3’ GAC DNA REPLICATION: ACT CCT GAG 3’ TGA GGA CTC 5’ DNA to RNA (TRANSCRIPTION): • 5’ 3’

Practice: • 5’ CTG • 3’ GAC DNA REPLICATION: ACT CCT GAG 3’ TGA GGA CTC 5’ DNA to RNA (TRANSCRIPTION): • 5 ’ GAC UGA GGA CUC 3’

2. RNA Processing Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell RNA Processing m. RNA Ribosome Translation Protein

Types of RNA • Types of RNA: RNA A. messenger RNA (m. RNA) B. transfer RNA (t. RNA) • Remember: all produced in the nucleus!

A. Messenger RNA (m. RNA) • Carries the information for a specific protein • Made up of codons (sequence of three bases: AUG methionine). • Each codon, codon is specific for an amino acid

A. Messenger RNA (m. RNA) start codon m. RNA A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C A U A A codon 1 codon 2 protein methionine glycine codon 3 serine codon 4 isoleucine codon 5 glycine codon 6 alanine codon 7 stop codon Primary structure of a protein aa 1 aa 2 aa 3 peptide bonds aa 4 aa 5 aa 6

B. Transfer RNA (t. RNA) • Picks up the appropriate amino acid floating in the cytoplasm • Transports amino acids to the m. RNA • Have anticodons that are opposites to m. RNA codons • Recognizes the appropriate codons on the m. RNA and bonds temporarily to them

B. Transfer RNA (t. RNA) amino acid attachment site methionine U A C anticodon amino acid

3. Translation Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell RNA Processing m. RNA Ribosome Translation Protein

3. Translation • Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm • Involves the following: 1. m. RNA (codons) 2. t. RNA (anticodons) 3. ribosomes 4. amino acids

3. Translation • Three parts: 1. initiation: initiation start codon (AUG) 2. elongation: elongation building the polypeptide chain 3. termination: termination stop codon (UAG) • Let’s make a PROTEIN!!!! Translation animation http: //www. stolaf. edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation. swf

3. Translation Large subunit m. RNA A U G Small subunit C U A C U U C G

Initiation aa 1 1 -t. RNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon aa 2 2 -t. RNA G A U C U A C U U C G A m. RNA

Elongation peptide bond aa 3 aa 1 aa 2 3 -t. RNA 1 -t. RNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon 2 -t. RNA G A U C U A C U U C G A m. RNA

aa 1 peptide bond aa 3 aa 2 1 -t. RNA 3 -t. RNA U A C (leaves) 2 -t. RNA A U G G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A m. RNA Ribosomes move over one codon

aa 1 peptide bonds aa 2 aa 4 aa 3 4 -t. RNA 2 -t. RNA A U G 3 -t. RNA G C U G A A C U U C G A A C U m. RNA

aa 1 peptide bonds aa 4 aa 2 aa 3 2 -t. RNA 4 -t. RNA G A U (leaves) 3 -t. RNA A U G G C U G A A C U U C G A A C U m. RNA Ribosomes move over one codon

aa 1 peptide bonds aa 5 aa 2 aa 3 aa 4 5 -t. RNA U G A 3 -t. RNA 4 -t. RNA G A A G C U A C U U C G A A C U m. RNA

peptide bonds aa 1 aa 5 aa 2 aa 3 aa 4 5 -t. RNA U G A 3 -t. RNA G A A 4 -t. RNA G C U A C U U C G A A C U m. RNA Ribosomes move over one codon

aa 4 aa 5 Termination aa 199 aa 3 primary structure aa 2 of a protein aa 200 aa 1 200 -t. RNA A C U m. RNA terminator or stop codon C A U G U U U A G

http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/ End Product • The end products of protein synthesis are the primary structure of a protein • A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa 2 aa 1 aa 3 aa 4 aa 5 aa 199 aa 200

Question: • The anticodon UAC belongs to a t. RNA that recognizes and binds to a particular amino acid. • What would be the DNA base code for this amino acid?

Answer: • t. RNA • m. RNA • DNA - UAC (anticodon) - AUG (codon) - TAC