DNA sequencing Importance The DNA sequences making up

DNA sequencing: Importance • The DNA sequences making up any organism comprise the basic blueprint for that organism

The Human Genome Project (and others) • Potential benefits • Molecular medicine – – – – – Improved diagnosis of disease Disease gene identification will lead to more accurate diagnosis Earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease Will be able to assess risk for certain diseases, e. g. cancer, Type II diabetes, heart disease Rational drug design Drugs designed to target specific gene products that cause disease Gene therapy and control systems for drugs Replacement of defective genes for certain diseases Pharmacogenomics "custom drugs” Drug therapy based on ones genotype…

The Human Genome Project (and others) • Potential benefits – Bioarchaeology, anthropology, evolution, and human migration • Study evolution through germline mutations in lineages. • Study migration of different population groups based on female genetic inheritance. • Study mutations on the Y chromosome to trace lineage and migration of males. • Compare breakpoints in the evolution of mutations with ages of populations and historical events.

The Human Genome Project (and others) • Potential benefits DNA forensics (identification) • Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes. • Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes. • Identify crime and catastrophe victims. • Establish paternity and other family relationships. • Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers). • Detect bacteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food. • Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds.

The Human Genome Project (and others) • Potential benefits Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing • • • Disease-, insect-, and drought-resistant crops. Healthier, more productive, disease-resistant farm animals. More nutritious produce. Biopesticides. Edible vaccines incorporated into food products New environmental cleanup uses for plants like tobacco.

DNA sequencing methodologies: ca. 1977 • Maxam-Gilbert – base modification by general and specific chemicals. – depurination or depyrimidination. – single-strand excision. – not amenable to automation • Sanger – DNA replication. – substitution of substrate with chain-terminator chemical. – more efficient – automation? ?

Maxam-Gilbert ‘chemical’ method

versus “synthesis-based” methods • Fred Sanger: Nobel Prize 1980 • Instead of taking a complete sequence and breaking it down, build DNA sequences up and analyze steps along the way • They key to this process: dideoxynucleotides (dd. NTPs)

What to label for visualization? • Primers? • Disadvantages of primer-labels: – four reactions – tedious – limited to certain regions, custom oligos or – limited to cloned inserts behind ‘universal’ priming sites. • Advantages: it works • Solution: – labeled “terminators” - dd. NTPs

DNA Analysis: DNA Sequencing • dd. NTPs are analagous to faulty LEGOs, Normal LEGOs have little pegs that allow them to stack Faulty LEGOs lack the little pegs and nothing can stack on them – thus, they ‘terminate’ the stack

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This is great but… Wouldn’t it be great to run everything in one lane? Save space and time, more efficient Fluorescently label the dd. NTPs so that they each appear a different color

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DNA Analysis: DNA Sequencing • http: //www. dnai. org/b/index. html

“virtual autorad” - real-time DNA sequence output from ABI 377 1. Trace files (dye signals) are analyzed and bases called to create chromatograms. 2. Chromatograms from opposite strands are reconciled with software to create doublestranded sequence data.

Alternatives to Dye Terminator Sequencing • • • 454 Sequencing is a massively-parallel sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) system capable of sequencing roughly 20 megabases (20, 000 bp) of raw DNA sequence per 4. 5 hour run Compare to best dye terminator sequencing rig today : ABI 3730 xl – (192 capillaries x ~1000 bp) in 5 hrs (2 2. 5 hr runs) = 196, 000 bp 454 sequencing relies on fixing nebulized and adapter-ligated DNA fragments to small DNAcapture beads in a water-in-oil emulsion. DNA is fixed to these beads is then amplified by PCR. Each DNA-bound bead is placed into a ~44 μm well on a Pico. Titer. Plate, a fiber optic chip. A mix of enzymes such as polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, and luciferase are also packed into the well. The four nucleotides (TAGC) are washed in series over the Pico. Titer. Plate. If a nucleotide complementary to the template strand flows into a well, the polymerase extends the existing DNA strand by adding nucleotide(s). Addition in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by acamera in the instrument.

Pyrosequencing Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001

Pyrosequencing - Solid Phase Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001

Pyrogram Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001

454 Life. Sciences Sequencer

454 Life. Sciences Sequencer • Advantages – Fast, accurate – Great for small, simple genomes, • Disadvantages – Reads only ~100 – 200 bp – Crappy for large complex genomes (like ours) – Homopolymer stretches (8+) are difficult to read

Alternatives to Dye Terminator Sequencing • Others: – Microarray sequencing – aka sequencing by hybridization

Alternatives to Dye Terminator Sequencing • Others: – Nanopore sequencing