DNA RNA Unit 7 Chapter 12 DNA Deoxyribonucleic
DNA & RNA Unit 7 Chapter 12
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid
Where does DNA “live”? The NUCLEUS!
Why is DNA so Important? * DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses. * DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins * DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (m. RNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins. * Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive
What are the parts of DNA? * The “Backbone” Has 2 Parts D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR) P = Phosphate 2 Strands called: Double Helix
What are the parts of DNA? * The “Rungs” The Nitrogen Bases A T T = Thymine A = Adenine C = Cytosine C-G G = Guanine
How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: A bonds with T Think: A T & T phone company
How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: C bonds with G Think: Half circles
Clicker Question #1 These are 2 examples of nucleic acids: A. B. C. D. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria Carbohydrates & Lipids DNA & RNA Nucleus & Ribosomes
Clicker Question #2 DNA holds the instructions for making: A. B. C. D. Energy Proteins Carbon dioxide Deoxyribose
Clicker Question #3 If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then: A. B. C. D. it also has 80% Guanine it also has 50% Cytosine it also has 80% Adenine it also has 20% Adenine
Clicker Question #4 What type of sugar is found in DNA? A. B. C. D. Phosphorous Thymine Ribose Deoxyribose
Clicker Question #5 The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins. A. B. C. D. DNA m. RNA t. RNA ATP
What are the parts of DNA? * Nucleotides: 1 Sugar 1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen Base
Lets Practice: What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT Yes! We made DNA! What did we just do? TGC
Why is m. RNA Important? * DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages * m. RNA is created by DNA in the nucleus * m. RNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins
What are the parts of RNA? * Just RNA Like is DNA, Made. RNA of: has: Ribose Sugar (SUGAR) BUT…. . Phosphate (same as DNA) Nitrogen Bases (A, U, Base. C, G) First: THYMINE in RNA!! UNO stands for Uracil…. Notice that RNA has 1 Strand! a different nitrogen base
RNA Nitrogen Bases: A bonds with U THYMINE in RNA!! C bonds with G
Clicker Question #6 What 3 things make up a nucleotide? A. B. C. D. Nucleus, DNA, & RNA Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA
Clicker Question #7 Where is m. RNA made? A. B. C. D. In the nucleus In the cytoplasm In the mitochondria In the ribosomes
Clicker Question #8 What type of sugar does RNA have? A. B. C. D. Deoxyribose Carbohydrate Ribonucleic acid Ribose
Clicker Question #9 Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have? A. B. C. D. Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine
Clicker Question #10 If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then A. B. C. D. it also contains 40% Guanine it also contains 60% Thymine it also contains 40% Cytosine it also contains 60% Guanine
How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? * There are 2 major steps in this process * First: Transcription * Second: Translation
How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? Transcription : Process in which m. RNA is synthesized from the DNA template. HINT: *** Transcription is when m. RNA is made from DNA. *** * m. RNA: (messenger RNA) holds the recipe for making proteins
How does Transcription work? * QUESTION…have you been to court? * There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record. SHORTENED CODE = m. RNA
Transcription Video….
Lets Practice: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG UAA GCA AUA GCA GAC UUU UGC This is m. RNA! We just transcribed DNA into m. RNA!
Clicker Question #11 What does m. RNA do? A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy
Clicker Question #12 What is transcription? A. B. C. D. The process of making energy The process of making proteins The process of making DNA The process of making m. RNA
Lets Practice This Again: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG Now did What wewhat? just do? YES! We transcribed/made m. RNA from DNA
Now What? . . . Translation! Translation: Process in which m. RNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made. Words to know: * Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA * Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds ACG ATA CGG CTT to build proteins There are 20 different Amino Acids. * Different Ribosomecombination : “Reads” m. RNA it can make of recipes Aminoso. Acids different kinds ofproteins. synthesize/make
Now What? . . . Translation! More Words to know: * t. RNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome t. RNA Amino Acid * Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can. Anticodon pair that corresponds with the codons on the m. RNA
What happens during translation? Peptide chain/ Protein Chain t. RNA Amino Acid Ribosome Anticodon Codon
Translation Video. . .
Link to Transcription Animation Click Here
Clicker Question #13 Where does translation occur? A. B. C. D. In the nucleus In the mitochondria In the DNA In the ribosome
Clicker Question #14 What is made during translation? A. B. C. D. DNA m. RNA Protein Energy
Clicker Question #15 What is another name for polypeptide chain? A. B. C. D. Protein chain Carbohydrate chain Lipid chain Nucleic acid
Translating m. RNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains) #1. AUG GCA UCC UGA Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop #2. AUG CCC GGU UAG Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop #3. AUG AAG GUG UGA Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop
What is the amino acid for the following codons? AAU Asparagine (Asn) GUG Valine (Val) UGG Tryptophan (Trp)
How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists? We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related! Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related? Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine
The end… For now…
DNA Mutations & Technology
What are genetic mutations? Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. Causes of mutations include: * Viruses * Radiation * Chemicals * Errors during mitosis and meiosis
Are mutations harmful? Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing. Harmful example: - Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders
Are mutations harmful? Helpful example: - Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria
Are mutations harmful? Not harmful or helpful: - Peppered moths come in dark or light colors
What are some types of mutations? There are many different types…we will do an activity that demonstrates these mutations: 1. Insertion
What are some types of mutations? 2. Deletion
What are some types of mutations? 3. Translocation
What are some types of mutations? 4. Duplication
How has technology changed DNA? Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism. Transgenic Organism: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.
How has technology changed DNA? Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size. We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint - DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses: 1. Solve crimes 2. Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”
DNA Fingerprinting Which of the following are his/her parents? Who did it?
What is the human genome? Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism The Human Genome Project: * Began in 1990 and completed in 2003 * Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base pairs * Used to understand genetic disorders and to them
What is cloning? Cloning: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced. “Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal
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