DNA RNA Protein Synthesis DNA Structure DNA Replication

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DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis • • • DNA Structure DNA Replication : DNA RNA

DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis • • • DNA Structure DNA Replication : DNA RNA Structure Protein Synthesis Transcription : DNA RNA Translation : m. RNA amino acid

Human Genotype • The human genotype contains 46 chromosomes • Each chromosome has 2

Human Genotype • The human genotype contains 46 chromosomes • Each chromosome has 2 chromatid legs • Each chromatid leg has thousands of genes • Each gene has thousands of DNA nucleotides in loose strands called chromatin

Role of DNA • 1) DNA stores the genetic information in the nucleus until

Role of DNA • 1) DNA stores the genetic information in the nucleus until is time to pass the genetic information on to progeny • 2) DNA is the blueprint for the cell to make proteins

DNA Structure • DNA is a double helix = twisted ladder • DNA is

DNA Structure • DNA is a double helix = twisted ladder • DNA is a polymer of DNA monomers • Eg. DNA nucleotides in a DNA strand are like beads in a necklace

DNA Nucleotide • • Each nucleotide has 3 sub-components 1) 5 carbon sugar called

DNA Nucleotide • • Each nucleotide has 3 sub-components 1) 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogen-containing base

DNA Nucleotide Base • There are four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G)

DNA Nucleotide Base • There are four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) • The name of the DNA nucleotide is the name of the base • The DNA nucleotides undergo “complementary” base-pairing: A=T , T=A, G=C, C=G

DNA Nucleotides • Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases : • A=T T=A G=C C=G

DNA Nucleotides • Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases : • A=T T=A G=C C=G • Keeps the two DNA strands together in the double helix shape

DNA Replication • DNA Replication = 1 “Parent” Double Strand DNA 2 “Progeny” Double

DNA Replication • DNA Replication = 1 “Parent” Double Strand DNA 2 “Progeny” Double Strand DNA • DNA Replication is called “Semiconservative” because each progeny double strand DNA has one original parent DNA strand one new DNA strand

DNA Replication DNA replication requires 3 enzymes: 1) DNA helicase : “unzips” the double

DNA Replication DNA replication requires 3 enzymes: 1) DNA helicase : “unzips” the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases 2) DNA polymerase : attaches new DNA nucleotide to complementary DNA nucleotide in parent DNA strand 3) DNA ligase: ties the strands back together

RNA Structure • DNA • Double helix • Deoxyribose sugar • A=T, T=A, G=C,

RNA Structure • DNA • Double helix • Deoxyribose sugar • A=T, T=A, G=C, C=G • DNA remains in nucleus • • RNA Single strand Ribose sugar Uracil base replaces Thymine base • A=U, T=A, G=C, C=G • RNA is made in nucleus and moved to cytoplasm

Role of RNA • Messenger RNA : carries protein synthesis information stored in DNA

Role of RNA • Messenger RNA : carries protein synthesis information stored in DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm • Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis • Ribosomal RNA: combines with proteins to make the ribosomes

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