DNA Protein Synthesis Gene to Protein Nucleic Acids

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DNA & Protein Synthesis Gene to Protein

DNA & Protein Synthesis Gene to Protein

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis • All functions of a cell are directed from

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis • All functions of a cell are directed from some central form of information. • This "biological program" is called the Genetic Code. - The way cell store information regarding it's structure and function.

History • For years the source of heredity was unknown. This was resolved after

History • For years the source of heredity was unknown. This was resolved after numerous studies and experimental research by the following researchers: • Fredrick Griffith – He was studying effects of 2 strains of an infectious bacteria, the "smooth" strain was found to cause pneumonia & death in mice. The "rough" strain did not. He conducted the following experiment

Griffith Experiment Bacteria Strain injected into mouse Result Smooth Strain Mouse dies Rough strain

Griffith Experiment Bacteria Strain injected into mouse Result Smooth Strain Mouse dies Rough strain Mouse Lives Heat-Killed Smooth strain Mouse lives Rough Strain & Heat killed smooth strain *MOUSE DIES* • The last condition was unusual, as he predicted that the mouse should live • Concluded that some unknown substance was Transforming the rough strain into the smooth one

Avery, Mc. Carty & Mac. Leod • Tried to determine the nature of this

Avery, Mc. Carty & Mac. Leod • Tried to determine the nature of this transforming agent. Eg. Was it protein or DNA? • Degraded chromosomes with enzymes which destroyed proteins or DNA • Samples with Proteins destroyed would still cause transformation in bacteria indicating genetic material was DNA

Hershey-Chase • 1 virus was "tagged" with 32 P on it's DNA • The

Hershey-Chase • 1 virus was "tagged" with 32 P on it's DNA • The other was "tagged" 35 S on it's protein coat. • Researchers found the radioactive P in the bacteria, indicating it is DNA, not protein being injected into bacteria.

Watson & Crick • The constituents of DNA had long been known. Structure of

Watson & Crick • The constituents of DNA had long been known. Structure of DNA, however was not. • In 1953, Watson & Crick published findings based on Xray analysis and other data that DNA was in the form of a "Double Helix". • Their findings show us the basic structure of DNA which is as follows.

DNA Structure • DNA is Formed of in a "Double Helix" - like a

DNA Structure • DNA is Formed of in a "Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase

Nucleotides • • DNA is formed by Nucleotides These are made from 3 components

Nucleotides • • DNA is formed by Nucleotides These are made from 3 components 1. 2. 3. A 5 -Carbon Sugar A Nitrogenous base A Phosphate group

Nucleotide types: • For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either Purines

Nucleotide types: • For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either Purines or Pyramidines. These are usually represented by a letter. These Are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)

Base Pairing • Each "Rung" of the DNA "staircase" is formed by the linking

Base Pairing • Each "Rung" of the DNA "staircase" is formed by the linking of 2 Nucleotides through Hydrogen Bonds. • These Hydrogen bonds form only between specific Nucleotides. This is known as Base Pairing. The rules are as follows: – Adenine (A) will ONLY bond to Thymine (T) (by 2 hydrogen bonds) – Cytosine (C) will ONLY bond to Guanine (G) (by 3 hydrogen bonds)

Central dogma of genetics • Central Dogma holds that genetic information is expressed in

Central dogma of genetics • Central Dogma holds that genetic information is expressed in a specific order. This order is as follows There are some apparent exceptions to this. Retroviruses (eg. HIV) are able to synthesize DNA from RNA

DNA Replication • • • DNA has unique ability to make copies of itself

DNA Replication • • • DNA has unique ability to make copies of itself This is a major "driving force" of living things. Does so through the process of DNA Replication. Complex process DNA "Unzips itself" forming two strands with an exposed Nucleotide. An nucleotide which forms the appropriate Base-pair bonds with the exposed nucleotide. This is facilitated by the enzyme DNA Polymerase. The process moves down the DNA molecule, and once complete, results in two identical DNA strands. Transcription proceeds continuously along the 5' 3' direction (This is called the leading strand) Proceeds in fragments in the other direction (called the lagging strand) in the following way RNA primer attached to a segment of the strand by enzyme primase. Transcription now continues in the 5' 3' direction forming an okazaki fragment. Until it reaches the next fragment. The two fragments are joined by DNA ligase

DNA Replication

DNA Replication

RNA Transcription • • • The cell does not directly use DNA to control

RNA Transcription • • • The cell does not directly use DNA to control the function of the cell. DNA is too precious and must be kept protected within the nucleus. The Cell makes a working "Photocopy" of itself to do the actual work of making proteins. This copy is called Ribonucleic Acid or RNA differs from DNA in several important ways. 1. It is much smaller 2. It is single-stranded 3. It does NOT contain Thymine, but rather a new nucleotide called Uracil which will bind to Adenine.

RNA Transcription • • RNA is produced through a process called RNA Transcription. Similar

RNA Transcription • • RNA is produced through a process called RNA Transcription. Similar to DNA Replication. Small area of DNA "Unzips" exposing Nucleotides This area is acted on by an enzyme called RNA Polymerase, which binds nucleotides (using uracil) to their complimentary base pair. • This releases a long strand of Messenger RNA (m. RNA) which is an important component of protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis & The Genetic Code • The Sequence of nucleotides in an m.

Protein Synthesis & The Genetic Code • The Sequence of nucleotides in an m. RNA strand determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein • Process requires m. RNA, t. RNA & ribosomes

m. RNA • Each three Nucleotide sequence in an m. RNA strand is called

m. RNA • Each three Nucleotide sequence in an m. RNA strand is called a "Codon" Each Codon codes for a particular amino acid. • The codon sequence codes for an amino acid using specific rules. These specific codon/amino acid pairings is called the Genetic Code.

t. RNA • There is a special form of RNA called Transfer RNA or

t. RNA • There is a special form of RNA called Transfer RNA or t. RNA. • Each t. RNA has a 3 Nucleotide sequence on one end which is known as the "Anitcodon" • This Anticodon sequence is complimentary to the Codon sequence found on the strand of m. RNA • Each t. RNA can bind specifically with a particular amino acid.

Ribosome • Consists of two subunits – Large subunit – Small subunit • Serves

Ribosome • Consists of two subunits – Large subunit – Small subunit • Serves as a template or "work station" where protein synthesis can occur.

Protein Synthesis • Protein synthesis is a complex, many step process, it is as

Protein Synthesis • Protein synthesis is a complex, many step process, it is as follows. – An m. RNA strand binds to the large & small subunits of a ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell • This occurs at the AUG (initiation) codon of the strand. – A t. RNA molecule with an attached amino acid binds to the m. RNA strand. • Note: This occurs with complimentary codons & anti-codons. . – Another t. RNA binds to the adjacent codon of the m. RNA – A peptide bond is formed between the amino acids – The first t. RNA is released, and another t. RNA binds next to the second, another peptide bond is formed. – This process continues until a stop codon is reached. – The completed polypeptide is then released.

Replication Problem • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is

Replication Problem • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the sequence of its complimentary strand? • 3’- TACCACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA -5’

Answer • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the

Answer • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the sequence of its complimentary strand? • 3’- TACCACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA -5’ • 5’- ATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT -3’

RNA Transcription Problem • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what

RNA Transcription Problem • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the sequence of its complimentary m. RNA strand? • 3’- TACCACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA -5’

ANSWER • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the

ANSWER • Given a DNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what is the sequence of its complimentary m. RNA strand? • 3’- TACCACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA -5’ • 3’- AUGGUGCACCUGACUCCUGAGGAGAAGUCU -5’

Codon / Anticodon • Given a m. RNa strand with the following nucleotide sequence,

Codon / Anticodon • Given a m. RNa strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what are the sequence (anticodons) of its complimentary t. RNA strands? • 3’- AUGGUGCACCUGACUCCUGAGGAGAAGUCU -5’

Answer Given a m. RNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what are the

Answer Given a m. RNA strand with the following nucleotide sequence, what are the sequence (anticodons) of its complimentary t. RNA strands? 3’- AUGGUGCACCUGACUCCUGAGGAGAAGUCU -5’

Protein Translation • Given the following sequence of m. RNA, what is the amino

Protein Translation • Given the following sequence of m. RNA, what is the amino acid sequence of the resultant polypeptide? • AUGGUGCACCUGA CUCCUGAGGAGAA GUCU

Protein Translation / Answer • Given the following sequence of m. RNA, what is

Protein Translation / Answer • Given the following sequence of m. RNA, what is the amino acid sequence of the resultant polypeptide? • AUGGUGCACCUGA CUCCUGAGGAGAA GUCU Met-val-his-leu-thr-pro-glu-lys-ser