DNA DNA fingerprinting is the analysis of DNA

DNA

DNA fingerprinting is the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals DNA fingerprinting is done by electrophoresis

In each cell (about 60 trillion cells in the human body) are the genetic materials, chromosomes. On the chromosomes are nearly 30, 000 genes. The gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. It instructs the body cells to make proteins that determine everything from hair color to our susceptibility to diseases.

In other words… CELL NUCLEUS CHROMOSOMES GENES DNA!

Each gene is composed of DNA that is designed to carry out a specific function

DNA is a polymer (A substance composed of a large number of atomsthe atoms are usually arranged in repeating units). The units of DNA are known as nucleotides. A nucleotide is composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphorouscontaining group, and a nitrogencontaining molecule (called a base). The bases are adenine, guanine,

There are 3 billion nucleotides in human DNA 99% is identical among individuals The remaining 1% contains a significant amount of code variations between individuals Due to the large number of variations no two people have the same DNA sequence (except for Identical twins)

The DNA molecule (modeled by Watson and Crick) is two DNA strands coiled into a double helix. In the double helix, adenine (A) binds with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) binds with guanine (G)--after Chargaff’s rule. These pairs are known as complementary base pairing.

There are countless ways to combine the complementary base pairs on a DNA strand. The average human chromosome has DNA containing 100 million base pairs

How DNA works The inheritable traits that are controlled by DNA come from the ability to direct the production of proteins. Proteins are made by linking amino acids together. There are thousands of known proteins, but they are all derived from 20 known amino acids.

The sequence of amino acids, codes for the shape and function of the protein. Your DNA is responsible for determining the amino acid sequence. The sequence of bases on a DNA strand is responsible for coding for a particular amino acid. Each amino acid is coded by a sequence of three bases.

EX. C-G-T codes for the amino acid alanine. EX. Take into account the DNA strand: -C-G-T-C-T-A-A-C-G-TThe triplet code contained in this segment of DNA translates into: [C-G-T]-—[C-T-A]-—[A-A-A]—-[C-G-T] Alanine - aspartate - phenylalanine – alanine