DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA u DNA makes up

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

DNA u. DNA makes up the chromosomes of a cell.

DNA u. It is the blueprints for how to make all of the proteins in the organism

DNA u. Things that are made of proteins: skin, hair, blood, cells, and so on… (everything that you are made of!!)

DNA u. James Watson and Francis Crick were the scientists that discovered the actual structure of DNA

DNA u. They found that DNA is a double helix(a double spiral)

DNA u. DNA looks a little bit like a spiral staircase…

DNA Nitrogen bases Sugar phosphate Backbone

DNA u. The handrails of DNA are made of sugar and phosphate

DNA u. The stairs of DNA are made of nitrogen bases.

DNA We say that DNA is composed of building blocks called NUCLEOTIDES.

DNA A nucleotide is made of: • a 5 - carbon sugar (pentose)called deoxyribose • a phosphate group • a base (any one of four different kinds

DNA The phosphate bonds to the sugar, forming a “backbone” of sugars and phosphates.

DNA A base attaches to each sugar, so that the nucleotides form a chain.

DNA u. There are four bases: u. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

DNA Sugar phosphate Backbone Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Phosphate Sugar

DNA u. Adenine always bonds with Thymine

DNA Sugar phosphate Backbone Adenine Thymine Phonsphate Sugar

DNA u. Guanine always bonds with Cytosine

DNA Sugar phosphate Backbone Guanine Cytosine Phosphate Sugar

DNA Since DNA is a DOUBLE HELIX, it has two strands.

DNA The strands are COMPLEMENTARY to each other (the complement of each base is directly across from it).

DNA You can figure out what the structure of the complementary strand of DNA will be if you are given the original strand.

DNA Find the complementary strands base order: Original strand: AATGCCGTTAATCGAT

DNA Answer: The complementary strand (underneath the original) would be: Original: AATGCCGTTAATCGAT TTACGGCAATTAGCTA (New Strand)

DNA u. DNA is copied in a process called replication

DNA u. When a mistake is made during replication, it is called a mutation

DNA Mutations can be very helpful, harmful, or have no effect on an organism

DNA Proteins are made of amino acids. Proteins may be made of hundreds or thousands of amino acids.

DNA • The section of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of a specific protein is called a gene.

DNA Genes control proteins that build cells and tissues. The gene gives directions for the order in which amino acids will be arranged.

DNA Remember proteins are made on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell?

DNA The codes for making proteins are carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by RNA.

DNA RNA is made up of only one strand. RNA contains a nitrogen base called uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) and the sugar ribose (instead of deoxyribose).

DNA There are two kinds of RNA: transfer RNA (t. RNA) and messenger RNA (m. RNA).

DNA Protein assembly begins as m. RNA moves out of the nucleus and attaches to the ribosomes.

DNA Pieces of t. RNA pick up amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosomes.

DNA t. RNA temporarily matches with m. RNA and the amino acids become arranged according to the code.

DNA THE END!!

DNA Sugar phosphate Backbone Nitrogen bases