Divisi Cyanophyta Kingdom Protista Divisi Cyanophyta Kingdom 1
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Divisi Cyanophyta Kingdom Protista? Divisi Cyanophyta Kingdom 1
Kingdom Monera What are PROKARYOTES? They are ancient life forms known as bacteria • No nucleus • No chloroplasts • No mitochondria Two major clades of bacteria Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Methanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) Gram negative bacteria Gram positive bacteria TEM of dividing cell & other
Prokaryotes Lack Organelles (w/ 2 membranes) • No nucleus but have DNA & RNA • No chloroplasts but have pigments, thylakoids & enzymes for PS • No mitochondria but have respiratory chain & membranes • Small ribosomes (70 S) for protein synthesis Other constituents? Gas vacuoles; Cell walls; Storage molecules for N, P, C
Geoclock Origin of life
Cyanophytes established early aerobic environments. Evolution of advanced aerobes 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + CH 2 O + H 2 O “Primordial ANAEROBIC soup”
More conventional geologic time table MYA ERA 2 65 Cenozoic PERIOD DOMINANT LIFE FORM Quaternary Age of angiosperms Tertiary 150 Cretaceous Rise of angiosperms 200 Jurassic Age of cycads Triassic Rise of cycadophytes 300 Permian Rise of conifers 350 Carboniferous Age of lycopods, ferns, sphenopsids; Rise of mosses 400 Devonian Age of vascular plants; 1 st seed plants 450 Silurian 1 st vascular plants 500 Ordovician Age of eukaryotic algae 600 Cambrian Rise of eukaryotic algae and fungi 250 4500 Mesozoic Precambrian Rise of prokaryotes
Division Cyanophyta Bacteria that are: • Photosynthetic (convert light energy to food) • Produce O 2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis • Some produce toxins • Some have capacity to fix N 2 into NH 4 TEM of dividing cell • Some have formed millions of years old stromatolites as living structures Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth
General features Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats 2000 species, 150 genera Habitats: virtually everywhere Oceans Soil Epiphytes Freshwater Hotsprings Endophytes Morphological Range: Unicells to complex multicell organisms Cell Walls: Gram negative bacteria Trichodesmium blooms can cover 2 x 106 km 2 and be seen via satellites NASA
Diversity
Cell Walls Being comprised of only 20% peptidoglycan, the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is much thinner than Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have two unique regions which surround the outer plasma membrane: i) periplasmic space and ii) lipopolysaccharide layer. • periplasmic space separates the outer plasma membrane from the peptido-glycan layer. • lipopolysaccharide layer is adjacent to the exterior peptidoglycan layer
General features Pigments photosynthesis • Chlorophyll a • Phycobilins Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Others • Carotenoids • UV absorbing molecules Storage Products Growth
Habitat dan Penyebaran • Dapat ditemukan di perairan tawar (sungai, kolam atau danau) dan lautan. • Beberapa species dapat menimbulkan water bloom atau tumbuh dengan cepat hingga menutupi perairan. seperti Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria. • Beberapa dapat bersiombiosis dengan organisme lainnya, seperti, Anabaena dengan Azolla pinnata, atau Nostoc bersiobiosis dengan jamur membentuk lichens (lumut kerak).
Bentuk dan Susunan Talus • Sel tunggal • Koloni • Filamen 13
Origin Fossil skeletons show that early mammals had large eye sockets, which may have meant that they were active at night. Mammals did not compete with dinosaurs for food, for the would feed on insects. 14
Origin Mammals were not abundant during the Mesozoic era. Fossils of the first mammals are scarce thus indicating that they were not as abundant. The Cenozoic era is named the age of mammals, for this is the time which mammals rapidly started to increase 15
Evolution • Animals evolved from the group of reptiles called Therapids. • Therapids have both reptilian and mammalian characteristics. • Therapids have a jaw bone composed of 5 bones rather than a simple jaw bone. 16
Evolution • Like mammals, Therapids have specialized teeth adapted for specialized functions. • The earliest mammalian fossil found is from the early Mesozoic era, 200 million years ago 17
Characteristics • Mammals are endothermic • Mammals have hair • Well-developed brains 18
Characteristics • Mammalian heart has 4 chambers • Mammals have a muscle , the diaphragm that aids in breathing 19
Characteristics • Mammals have single lower jaw • Most species have 4 different types of teeth 20
Characteristics • Most species are viviparous, in which females carry their young until full development • Female secrete milk from mammary glands to feed newborn young. 21
Two feature that distinguish them from other invertebrates are that they all have hair and they produce milk. 22
Mammal Orders There are 19 orders of mammals in the class Mammalia in which 17 nourish unborn young in the placenta, egg laying mammals and marsupials 23
Monotremes and Marsupials Only 5 percent of all mammalian species are in the orders Monotremata and Marsupialia. 24
Monotremata • Oviparous or egg laying mammals • Only 3 in existence • Duck-billed platypus and two species of spiny anteaters called echidna. • Not completely endothermic (their body temperature is lower and fluctuates more than other mammals) 25
Marsupials • Marsupials give birth to tiny immature young that crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately after they are born. 26
They attach themselves to milk secreting nipples nursing until they are mature enough to survive outside the pouch. 27
250 species of marsupial species exist in Australia, New Guinea, • . Tasmania, And the Americas Tasmanian Devil 28
American Marsupial 29
• 60 hundred million years ago, no placental mammals inhabited the continent • Lacking in competition Australian marsupials underwent adapted radiation and eventually became adapted to all environments. 30
Placental Mammals 31
Characteristics of Placentals • Placental mammals carry unborn young in the uterus until young can survive in the wild. • Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from mother’s blood to baby’s blood 32
Placental Characteristics • The placenta is a membrane providing nutrients and waste & gas exchange between the mother and developing young • Gestation period-is the time which mammals develop in mother’s uterus 33
Mammals are a diverse group living on land in water. Some mammals can fly! Walrus 34
Insectivora • Consists of 400 species • Includes shrews and moles Shrew Mole 35
Insectivora • Small animals with high metabolic rate and found in North America, Europe, and Asia. • Most have long pointed noses that enable them to grub for insects, worms, and invertebrates. • Live on ground, trees, in water, and underground. 36
Rodentia • Largest mammalian order having over 2, 400 species. • On every continent except for Antarctica • Includes squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, rats, and porcupines. Chipmunk 37
Marmot Porcupine Squirrel 38
Only two incisors in each jaw, grow as long as rodent lives, and used for gnawing 39
Lagomorpha • Includes rabbits, hares, and small mountain mammals called pikas. • Found worldwide Hare Pika 40
Lagomorpha Double row of incisors, large front teeth backed with two smaller ones, adaptation for herbivorous diet. 41
Edentata • Made up of 30 living species including anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. • The name edentate means “without teeth” 42
Anteater Sloths 43
Edentates have adaptations for insectivorous diets, including a long, sticky tongue and clawed front paws Anteater feeding at a Termite mound 44
Sloths, on the other hand have continuously growing teeth as an adaptation for grinding plants 45
Chiroptera • Made up of over 900 species of bats • Live throughout the world except in polar environments 46
• A bat’s wing is modified front limb which skin membrane between extremely long finger bones • Bats use thumbs for climbing, walking, or grasping 47
• Most bats are active at night and have a special way to navigate using echolocation (bouncing off highfrequency sound waves) • Frequency of returning sound waves with the size, distance, and rate of movement of different objects 48
Chiroptera • Bats that use echolocation have small eyes and large ears. • Feed on insects and have teeth specialized for such diets 49
• Some feed on fruit and flower nectar and do not use echolocation. • These bats are sometimes called flying foxes, have large eyes and keen sense of smell. 50
Cetacea and Sirenia • 90 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises are distributed worldwide. • Cetaceans have fishlike bodies with forelimbs modified as flippers. 51
• Cetaceans divided into two groups which are toothed whales and baleen whales. • Toothed whales include beaked whales, sperm whales, beluga whales, narwhals, killer whales, dolphins and porpoises. 52
• Have over 100 teeth • Prey on fish, squid, seals and whales 53
• Baleen whales lack teeth • Baleen-thin plates of finger like material • Shrimp and other small invertebrates are the pray of the baleen whales. 54
The Order Sirenia is made up of four species of manatees and dugongs. 55
• Front limbs are flippers for swimming • Sirenians lack hind legs but have flattened tails. 56
Carnivora • 250 living species in carnivoria are distributed worldwide • Most of the species mainly eat meat, which explains the name. • About 34 species 57
• Some members of this order such as bears feed extensively on plant material as well as meat, so they are called omnivores. • Carnivores generally have long canine teeth, strong jaws, clawed toes. 58
Pinnipedia • Pinnipedia are water dwelling carnivores and have streamlined bodies 59
Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla • Ungulates-hoofed mammals, classified into two orders: Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla • These two classes are herbivores. • They have a storage chamber in their stomach called the rumen, undergoes double digestion. 60
Ungulates with an even amount of toes make up the class Artiodactyla 61
Ungulates with an odd number of toes make up the class Perissodactyla. 62
Proboscidea • Characterized by a boneless nose or proboscis • Elephants are the largest land dwellers alive today, weighing more than 6 tons. 63
It has modified incisors, called tusks, for digging up roots and stripping bark from branches. 64
Primates • 200 living species of primates classified as prosimians. • Including lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises, or anthropods 65
• A complex brain has enabled anthropoids to develop behaviors and to live in highly organized social groups. 66
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